Spain Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1

What it is

501 of the 502 four-digit occupation units (grupos primarios) of the National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010), published by Spain's Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), are linked directly, not via ISCO-08, to an occupation master of 1,018 nodes. The nodes are the 1,016 O*NET-SOC codes in the O*NET® 31.0 Database (O*NET-SOC 2019 taxonomy) and 2 Spain-specific "other occupations" (ACW-ES-NNNN) for which AI Changing Work found no O*NET-SOC counterpart. Relations follow the definitions of the ESCO–O*NET crosswalk (2022) and always read from the O*NET-SOC side.

Three AI judges worked independently: two Anthropic Claude runs using different evidence, and one OpenAI Codex run. A link is confirmed when the third judge took part and a majority held, provisional when it rests on the two Claude runs (or on a rule or a second-round review applied to them) without a third-judge majority, and reviewed when the operator checked it. 756 of the 1,530 links (49%) are provisional.

This is AI Changing Work's judgment mapping. It is not a correspondence from INE or from USDOL/ETA, and INE has not reviewed it.

• The links do not pass through ISCO-08 (International Standard Classification of Occupations). The occupation descriptions of the two classifications were compared directly.
• Spain-specific occupations judged to have no O*NET-SOC counterpart were not forced into a match; they were added to the master as other occupations (ACW-ES-NNNN).
• Relation definitions follow the technical report of the ESCO–O*NET crosswalk (European Commission × U.S. Department of Labor, 2022), and relations always read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
• Used together with the direct crosswalks that link other countries' classifications (Korea, France, Germany, Japan) to the same O*NET-SOC code backbone, it connects those classifications through the same master. Other countries' other occupations are not included in this package.

Key figures

Occupation master

1,018

1,016 O*NET-SOC codes + 2 other occupations (Spain)

CNO-11 units linked

501 / 502

1 unit with no link in this version (7295)

Links

1,530

match 879 · related only 651

Status

769 · 756 · 5

confirmed · provisional · reviewed

Provisional links have no majority that includes the Codex judge: either Codex did not judge them, or it did and no majority including it was reached. To use confirmed links only, filter the status column to confirmed and reviewed.

Of the 1,016 O*NET-SOC occupations, 937 have a CNO-11 link (794 of them a match) and 79 have none. Of the CNO-11 units, 441 have a match.

The English and Korean names are AI Changing Work's translations of the Spanish CNO-11 titles, not names set by INE. The "nearest O*NET-SOC occupation" is a reference; it is not a link (match).

Code scheme: ACW (publisher, AI Changing Work) · ES (ISO 3166-1 country code) · NNNN (serial number in order of listing). The serial number carries no meaning, and once assigned it is never changed or reused. The source code (CNO-11) is kept separately in the source_code column.

How it was made

• 1a Forward mapping — 923 O*NET-SOC occupations → CNO-11 units (judges A and B)
• 1b Cross-check — all rows where A and B disagreed + a sample of rows where they agreed → judge X (496 rows)
• 1c Residual resolution — rules applied to the rows left after three-judge agreement + a second-round review (judge R) of 56 items
• 3 Orphan reverse mapping — the 35 units that no O*NET-SOC occupation pointed to in step 1 → the 1,016 O*NET-SOC occupations (judges A and B). Units for which no fitting occupation was found became other-occupation candidates
• 4 Review — the operator checked, one by one, the items without judge agreement and the other-occupation listings (5 items)

Step 1 covered 923 = 1,016 O*NET-SOC occupations − 74 "All Other" residual occupations − 19 military (SOC 55); these 93 were reopened as candidates in step 3. Step 3 is the same step as the "orphan validation" of the ESCO–O*NET crosswalk, and X was not used in it (judges A and B only).

• The judges did not see each other's answers. The CNO-11 material was INE's Spanish source text and the O*NET material the English source text, both as published (no translation).
• The judges were given, as candidate hints, the CNO-11 units reached mechanically along institutional correspondence tables (O*NET-SOC code → ISCO-08 → CNO-11, via the INE correspondence table). The hints carried unit codes and titles only, with no relations, ISCO codes or paths, and the judges were instructed to search beyond the hints. ISCO-08 titles (TITULO08) were not used as input either. The hint material is not included in this table.
• The published files contain codes and titles only. They do not contain CNO-11 explanatory notes, O*NET definition or task statements, or the judges' reasons. CNO-11 titles are copied unchanged from the Spanish titles of the structure table.

47% of the step-1 forward-mapping links (695 of 1,466) are provisional. They have no cross-model (Codex) majority, so they are less reliable than confirmed links.

• First choices X disagreed with (KEEP): for 34 items, X did not choose the first-choice unit that A and B both chose, and the second-round review (R) kept all of them. Since a judge of the same model family upheld the judgment of the same model family, these are 2/3 but kept as provisional.
• Other-occupation listings: of the units the judges found to have "no corresponding O*NET-SOC occupation", only those checked by the operator were listed (reviewed).
• 15 links left out of this v1: match relations chosen by X alone in step 1c that lay on an institutional correspondence path (through INE's CNO-11 to ISCO-08 correspondence table) and were adopted by an operator rule. Because the basis for adopting them is the INE correspondence table, they were left out of the published files. On the site's occupation pages they are shown as provisional links. CNO-11 unit left with no link by this exclusion: 7295 Personal de limpieza de fachadas de edificios y chimeneas.
• Rule check: 0 violations of "at most one exact per O*NET-SOC occupation".

Review

1. Judge self-checks (every batch): row count = input · codes exist (502 four-digit CNO-11 units / O*NET-SOC codes in the O*NET 31.0 Database) · allowed values only · count of departures from the two-question rule table · whether the chosen unit was actually opened with the lookup tool (call log check) · no quoting of CNO-11 explanatory notes in the reasons.
2. Cross-model check: rows where A and B disagreed were sent to X. X did not see the other judges' answers.
3. Human review: orphan reverse-mapping links without judge agreement, low-confidence additions from the second-round review, and other-occupation listings.
4. Load and publication check: the rows in this package were extracted again from the production database, and a separate checker not used for loading or for building the published files rebuilt them row by row from the judgment ledger and the source files (CNO-11 structure table · O*NET 31.0 titles) and compared them.
5. Rule check: 0 violations of "at most one exact per O*NET-SOC occupation".

Limitations

• This is a judgment mapping. It has not been validated against employment statistics. o_in_r and r_in_o (the judges' estimate, made before choosing a relation, of what share of workers in one occupation fall within the other side) are the judges' estimates, not measured headcount ratios.
• The judges are AI models. Human review was limited to items without agreement and to the other-occupation listings. The step-1c rules are not a row-by-row review.
• Provisional links are 49% of the total (756 of 1,530). Agreement between two judges of the same model family is not strong evidence. The second-round review (R) is also from the same model family.
• The candidate hints chain institutional correspondence tables, so they do not preserve relations. Candidate generation through ISCO-08 misses some direct correspondences, so the judges were required to search beyond the hints.
• Military occupations (SOC 55) and the "All Other" residual occupations were left out of step 1 and were candidates only in step 3.

Changes

• v1 (2026-10-09): First release.

Attribution required when you share this data

AI Changing Work (2026). Spain Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1 (CNO-11 ↔ O*NET-SOC 2019). https://aichanging.work/data/es-direct-crosswalk. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Terms of use and sources

Below is the full text of the package's LICENSE file, reproduced as published. In short: AI Changing Work's contributions (links, relation labels, match class, stage, consensus and status values, and the ACW-ES-* nodes with their English and Korean titles) may be used under CC BY 4.0 to the extent AI Changing Work holds rights in them. O*NET-SOC codes and titles remain under the O*NET® 31.0 Database license (CC BY 4.0) with the attribution below, and CNO-11 codes and titles, part of the annex to Royal Decree 1591/2010 (not subject to copyright, LPI art.13) and also published by INE under CC BY 4.0, are not relicensed by AI Changing Work.

The English and Korean names of the other occupations (ACW-ES-*) are AI Changing Work's translations, not names set by INE.

This v1 does not include INE's CNO-11 to ISCO-08 correspondence table or the 15 links adopted because they lay on a path through that table, so it has 15 fewer links than the Spanish links on occupation pages.

Download

These files are byte-identical to the published package. You can check a downloaded file against its SHA-256, which is also listed in CHECKSUMS.sha256.