General and Operations Managers
Management Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 11-1021.00
Plan, direct, or coordinate the operations of public or private sector organizations, overseeing multiple departments or locations. Duties and responsibilities include formulating policies, managing daily operations, and planning the use of materials and human resources, but are too diverse and general in nature to be classified in any one functional area of management or administration, such as personnel, purchasing, or administrative services. Usually manage through subordinate supervisors. Excludes First-Line Supervisors.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.138
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.34–0.47· 7 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 1112Senior Government Officials0.38
- ISCO-08 1114Senior Officials of Special-interest Organizations0.37
- ISCO-08 1120Managing Directors and Chief Executives0.38
- ISCO-08 1343Aged Care Service Managers0.34
- ISCO-08 1346Financial and Insurance Services Branch managers0.47
- ISCO-08 1420Retail and Wholesale Trade Managers0.44
- ISCO-08 5221Shopkeepers0.43
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only17 rated tasks · 16 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (94.1%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Review financial statements, sales or activity reports, or other performance data to measure productivity or goal achievement or to identify areas needing cost reduction or program improvement.11-1021.00 | 0.018154.5 | 0.031481.1 |
Develop or implement product-marketing strategies, including advertising campaigns or sales promotions.11-1021.00 | 0.013139.5 | 0.005714.6 |
Set prices or credit terms for goods or services based on forecasts of customer demand.11-1021.00 | 0.00206.0 | —0 |
Monitor suppliers to ensure that they efficiently and effectively provide needed goods or services within budgetary limits. | —0 | 0.00164.3 |
| Not observed on any surface — 13 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Direct and coordinate activities of businesses or departments concerned with the production, pricing, sales, or distribution of products. | —0 | —0 |
Direct administrative activities directly related to making products or providing services. | —0 | —0 |
Prepare staff work schedules and assign specific duties. | —0 | —0 |
Direct or coordinate financial or budget activities to fund operations, maximize investments, or increase efficiency. | —0 | —0 |
Establish or implement departmental policies, goals, objectives, or procedures in conjunction with board members, organization officials, or staff members. | —0 | —0 |
Perform personnel functions such as selection, training, or evaluation. | —0 | —0 |
Plan or direct activities such as sales promotions that require coordination with other department managers. | —0 | —0 |
Perform sales floor work, such as greeting or assisting customers, stocking shelves, or taking inventory. | —0 | —0 |
Direct non-merchandising departments of businesses, such as advertising or purchasing. | —0 | —0 |
Recommend locations for new facilities or oversee the remodeling or renovating of current facilities. | —0 | —0 |
Plan store layouts or design displays. | —0 | —0 |
Implement or oversee environmental management or sustainability programs addressing issues such as recycling, conservation, or waste management. | —0 | —0 |
Manage the movement of goods into and out of production facilities to ensure efficiency, effectiveness, or sustainability of operations. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Direct and coordinate activities of businesses or departments concerned with the production, pricing, sales, or distribution of products.O*NET Task ID 933 | 0.5 |
Develop or implement product-marketing strategies, including advertising campaigns or sales promotions.O*NET Task ID 945 | 0.5 |
Direct non-merchandising departments of businesses, such as advertising or purchasing.O*NET Task ID 947 | 0.5 |
Recommend locations for new facilities, or oversee the remodeling or renovating of current facilities.O*NET Task ID 948 | 0.5 |
Plan store layouts or design displays.O*NET Task ID 949 | 0.5 |
Implement or oversee environmental management or sustainability programs addressing issues such as recycling, conservation, or waste management.O*NET Task ID 19501 | 0.5 |
Review financial statements, sales or activity reports, or other performance data to measure productivity or goal achievement or to identify areas needing cost reduction or program improvement.O*NET Task ID 20699 | 0.5 |
Direct administrative activities directly related to making products or providing services.O*NET Task ID 20700 | 0.5 |
Prepare staff work schedules and assign specific duties.O*NET Task ID 20701 | 0.5 |
Monitor suppliers to ensure that they efficiently and effectively provide needed goods or services within budgetary limits.O*NET Task ID 20702 | 0.5 |
Direct or coordinate financial or budget activities to fund operations, maximize investments, or increase efficiency.O*NET Task ID 20703 | 0.5 |
Establish or implement departmental policies, goals, objectives, or procedures in conjunction with board members, organization officials, or staff members.O*NET Task ID 20704 | 0.5 |
Perform personnel functions, such as selection, training, or evaluation.O*NET Task ID 20705 | 0.5 |
Plan or direct activities, such as sales promotions, that require coordination with other department managers.O*NET Task ID 20706 | 0.5 |
Set prices or credit terms for goods or services, based on forecasts of customer demand.O*NET Task ID 20707 | 0.5 |
Manage the movement of goods into and out of production facilities to ensure efficiency, effectiveness, or sustainability of operations.O*NET Task ID 20708 | 0.5 |
Perform sales floor work, such as greeting or assisting customers, stocking shelves, or taking inventory.O*NET Task ID 944 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (17)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Direct and coordinate activities of businesses or departments concerned with the production, pricing, sales, or distribution of products. | Core |
| Review financial statements, sales or activity reports, or other performance data to measure productivity or goal achievement or to identify areas needing cost reduction or program improvement. | Core |
| Direct administrative activities directly related to making products or providing services. | Core |
| Prepare staff work schedules and assign specific duties. | Core |
| Monitor suppliers to ensure that they efficiently and effectively provide needed goods or services within budgetary limits. | Core |
| Direct or coordinate financial or budget activities to fund operations, maximize investments, or increase efficiency. | Core |
| Establish or implement departmental policies, goals, objectives, or procedures in conjunction with board members, organization officials, or staff members. | Core |
| Perform personnel functions, such as selection, training, or evaluation. | Core |
| Plan or direct activities, such as sales promotions, that require coordination with other department managers. | Core |
| Perform sales floor work, such as greeting or assisting customers, stocking shelves, or taking inventory. | Supplemental |
| Develop or implement product-marketing strategies, including advertising campaigns or sales promotions. | Supplemental |
| Direct non-merchandising departments of businesses, such as advertising or purchasing. | Supplemental |
| Recommend locations for new facilities, or oversee the remodeling or renovating of current facilities. | Supplemental |
| Plan store layouts or design displays. | Supplemental |
| Implement or oversee environmental management or sustainability programs addressing issues such as recycling, conservation, or waste management. | Supplemental |
| Set prices or credit terms for goods or services, based on forecasts of customer demand. | Supplemental |
| Manage the movement of goods into and out of production facilities to ensure efficiency, effectiveness, or sustainability of operations. | Supplemental |
0.03/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Perform sales floor work, such as greeting or assisting customers, stocking shelves, or taking inventory. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 3.6M
- Projected employment, 2035
- 3.8M
- Change (2025–35)
- +5%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $105,770
- Typical education needed for entry
- Bachelor's degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 11202 | 기업 고위 임원 | Overlapping, not the same | confirmed |
| 12122 | 기획 관리자 | Overlapping, not the same | confirmed |
| 27210 | 정부 행정 전문가 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
| 52111 | 소규모 상점 경영자 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 1112Senior Government Officials
- ISCO-08 1114Senior Officials of Special-interest Organizations
- ISCO-08 1120Managing Directors and Chief Executives
- ISCO-08 1343Aged Care Service Managers
- ISCO-08 1346Financial and Insurance Services Branch managers
- ISCO-08 1420Retail and Wholesale Trade Managers
- ISCO-08 5221Shopkeepers
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- chief operating officerESCO 1120.4Same scope
Chief operating officers are the right hand and second in command of a company's chief executive officer. They ensure that the daily operations of the company run smoothly. Chief operating officers also develop company policies, rules and goals.
- airport directorESCO 1324.1This occupation is broader
Airport directors oversee a group of managers who lead or supervise a particular area of the airport, programme or a project.\
- business managerESCO 1120.2This occupation is broader
Business managers are responsible for setting the objectives of the business unit of a company, creating a plan for the operations, and facilitating the achievement of the objectives and implementation of the plan together with employees of the segment and stakeholders. They keep an overview of the business, understand detailed information of the business unit and support the department, and make decisions based on the information at hand.
- library managerESCO 1349.16This occupation is broader
Library managers supervise the correct usage of library equipment and items. They manage the provided services of a library and the operation of the departments within a library. Library managers also provide training for new staff members and manage the budget of the library.
- operations managerESCO 1321.1.3This occupation is broader
Operations managers plan, oversee and coordinate the daily operations of production of goods and provision of services. They also formulate and implement company policies and plan the use of human resources and materials.
- strategic planning managerESCO 1213.2.2This occupation is broader
Strategic planning managers create, together with a team of managers, the strategic plans of the company as a whole, and provide coordination in the implementation per department. They help to interpret the overall plan and create a detailed plan for each one of the departments and branches. They ensure consistency in the implementation.
- textile operations managerESCO 3122.4.17This occupation is broader
Textile operations managers schedule orders and delivery times in order to assure the efficient flow of the production system.
- tourism product managerESCO 1221.5This occupation is broader
Tourism product managers analyse the market, research potential offers, develop products, plan and organise the distribution and marketing processes.
- wood factory managerESCO 1219.5.5This occupation is broader
Wood factory managers realise planning, commercial and advisory tasks of wood factory and timber trade. They also manage purchasing, sales, customer service and marketing of wood and wood products.
- public administration managerESCO 1112.6Overlapping, not the same
Public administration managers direct, monitor and evaluate the implementation of government policies. They supervise staff and manage resources used for implementation, and write reports on the implementation process. They also communicate with government officials and the public to inform them on the policies. Public administration managers may also participate in the design and creation of public policies.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| D1230 | Responsable d'agence de location de matériel de transport | This occupation is broader |
| D1504 | Directeur / Directrice de magasin de grande distribution | This occupation is broader |
| K1423 | Directeur / Directrice de cabinet | This occupation is broader |
| M1304 | Directeur / Directrice d'unité de services au public | This occupation is broader |
| D1512 | Directeur régional / Directrice régionale d'hypermarché ou de supermarché | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| I1119 | Responsable de centre de démontage recyclage des VHU | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| L1320 | Directeur / Directrice de label | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| M1302 | Responsable de Petite ou Moyenne Entreprise -PME- | Overlapping, not the same |
| G1105 | Directeur / Directrice d'office du tourisme | Related, not a match |
| N2210 | Superviseur / Superviseuse d'exploitation aéroportuaire | Related, not a match |
| N3211 | Directeur de port / Directrice de port | Related, not a match |
| K1401 | Directeur / Directrice d'administration centrale | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 1431 | Directores y gerentes de empresas de comercio al por mayor | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 1120 | Directores generales y presidentes ejecutivos | Overlapping, not the same |
| 1432 | Directores y gerentes de empresas de comercio al por menor | Related, not a match |
| 1314 | Directores de explotaciones mineras | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 71394 | Führungskräfte - Unternehmensorganisation und -strategie | This occupation is broader |
| 71104 | Geschäftsführer/innen und Vorstände - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Overlapping, not the sameprovisional |
| 21194 | Führungskräfte - Berg- und Tagebau und Sprengtechnik | Related, not a match |
| 27394 | Führungskräfte - Technische Produktionsplanung und -steuerung | Related, not a match |
| 61203 | Kaufleute im Handel (ohne Spezialisierung) - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
| 73284 | Berufe in der öffentlichen Verwaltung (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
| 12294 | Führungskräfte - Floristik | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 71304 | Berufe in der kaufmännischen und technischen Betriebswirtschaft (ohne Spezialisierung) - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 92394 | Führungskräfte - Verlags- und Medienwirtschaft | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 031 | 会社管理職員 | This occupation is narrower |
| 049 | その他の管理的職業従事者 | Related, not a match |
| 012 | 管理的国家公務員 | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources