Architectural and Engineering Managers
Management Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 11-9041.00
Plan, direct, or coordinate activities in such fields as architecture and engineering or research and development in these fields.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.031
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.40
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only21 rated tasks · 20 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (95.2%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- 2 rated tasks are not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; their scores are kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Plan or direct the installation, testing, operation, maintenance, or repair of facilities or equipment.O*NET Task ID 1063 | 0.5 |
Present and explain proposals, reports, or findings to clients.O*NET Task ID 1070 | 0.5 |
Consult or negotiate with clients to prepare project specifications.O*NET Task ID 1071 | 0.5 |
Administer highway planning, construction, or maintenance.O*NET Task ID 1073 | 0.5 |
Direct the engineering of water control, treatment, or distribution projects.O*NET Task ID 1074 | 0.5 |
Develop or implement programs to improve sustainability or reduce the environmental impacts of engineering or architecture activities or operations.O*NET Task ID 19525 | 0.5 |
Evaluate environmental regulations or social pressures related to environmental issues to inform strategic or operational decision-making.O*NET Task ID 19526 | 0.5 |
Evaluate the environmental impacts of engineering, architecture, or research and development activities.O*NET Task ID 19527 | 0.5 |
Identify environmental threats or opportunities associated with the development and launch of new technologies.O*NET Task ID 19528 | 0.5 |
Manage the coordination and overall integration of technical activities in architecture or engineering projects.O*NET Task ID 20170 | 0.5 |
Direct, review, or approve project design changes.O*NET Task ID 20171 | 0.5 |
Prepare budgets, bids, or contracts.O*NET Task ID 20172 | 0.5 |
Assess project feasibility by analyzing technology, resource needs, or market demand.O*NET Task ID 20173 | 0.5 |
Direct recruitment, placement, and evaluation of architecture or engineering project staff.O*NET Task ID 20174 | 0.5 |
Review, recommend, or approve contracts or cost estimates.O*NET Task ID 20175 | 0.5 |
Develop or implement policies, standards, or procedures for engineering and technical work.O*NET Task ID 20176 | 0.5 |
Perform administrative functions, such as reviewing or writing reports, approving expenditures, enforcing rules, or purchasing of materials or services.O*NET Task ID 20177 | 0.5 |
Establish scientific or technical goals within broad outlines provided by top management.O*NET Task ID 20178 | 0.5 |
Solicit project support by conferring with officials or providing information to the public.O*NET Task ID 20179 | 0.5 |
Plan, direct, or coordinate survey work with other project activities.O*NET Task ID 20180 | 0.5 |
Confer with management, production, or marketing staff to discuss project specifications or procedures.O*NET Task ID 1060 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (19)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Confer with management, production, or marketing staff to discuss project specifications or procedures. | Core |
| Present and explain proposals, reports, or findings to clients. | Core |
| Consult or negotiate with clients to prepare project specifications. | Core |
| Develop or implement programs to improve sustainability or reduce the environmental impacts of engineering or architecture activities or operations. | Core |
| Evaluate the environmental impacts of engineering, architecture, or research and development activities. | Core |
| Manage the coordination and overall integration of technical activities in architecture or engineering projects. | Core |
| Direct, review, or approve project design changes. | Core |
| Prepare budgets, bids, or contracts. | Core |
| Assess project feasibility by analyzing technology, resource needs, or market demand. | Core |
| Direct recruitment, placement, and evaluation of architecture or engineering project staff. | Core |
| Review, recommend, or approve contracts or cost estimates. | Core |
| Develop or implement policies, standards, or procedures for engineering and technical work. | Core |
| Perform administrative functions, such as reviewing or writing reports, approving expenditures, enforcing rules, or purchasing of materials or services. | Core |
| Establish scientific or technical goals within broad outlines provided by top management. | Core |
| Plan or direct the installation, testing, operation, maintenance, or repair of facilities or equipment. | Supplemental |
| Evaluate environmental regulations or social pressures related to environmental issues to inform strategic or operational decision-making. | Supplemental |
| Identify environmental threats or opportunities associated with the development and launch of new technologies. | Supplemental |
| Solicit project support by conferring with officials or providing information to the public. | Supplemental |
| Plan, direct, or coordinate survey work with other project activities. | Supplemental |
0.00/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
None of this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks is classified as a physical task.
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
Values for the whole SOC 11-9041 group (Architectural and engineering managers), not for this O*NET occupation alone.
- Employment, 2025
- 221K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 233K
- Change (2025–35)
- +5.5%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $171,270
- Typical education needed for entry
- Bachelor's degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 13114 | 공학 연구 관리자 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 13501 | 컴퓨터 하드웨어 개발 관리자 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 13119 | 그 외 연구 관리자 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 1223Research and Development Managers
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Research and development managers plan, direct and coordinate the research and development activities of an enterprise or organization or of enterprises that provide related services to other enterprises and organizations.
Tasks
- (a) planning, directing and coordinating research and development activities, in-house or commissioned from external research organizations, to develop new or improved technical processes, products, knowledge, or utilization of materials;
- (b) planning the overall research and development programme of an enterprise or organization, specifying goals and budgetary requirements;
- (c) leading and managing the activities of research and development staff;
- (d) establishing and managing budgets, controlling expenditure and ensuring the efficient use of resources;
- (e) establishing and directing operational and administrative procedures;
- (f) planning and directing daily operations;
- (g) overseeing the selection, training and performance of staff;
- (h) representing the enterprise or organization at conventions, seminars and conferences.
Example occupations
Product development manager · Research manager
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- aviation communications and frequency coordination managerESCO 1349.5This occupation is broader
Aviation communications and frequency coordination managers are in charge of activities and projects aimed to enable the appropriate communication infrastructure that supports the exchange of information between airspace users.
- aviation surveillance and code coordination managerESCO 1349.6This occupation is broader
Aviation surveillance and code coordination manager ensures that all components of surveillance infrastructures, both ground and airborne, operate in a safe, cohesive and interoperable manner.
- oil and gas production managerESCO 1322.1.2This occupation is broader
Oil and gas production managers coordinate and implement short and medium term oil and gas production schedules and plans, such as drilling, extraction operations and waste management. They steer one or more units and oversee the implementation of technical and human means, within the framework of objectives of volume, quality and planning. Oil and gas production managers design and ensure that the production plans and schedules are met.
- architectESCO 2161.1Overlapping, not the same
Architects investigate, design, and oversee the construction and development of buildings, urban spaces, infrastructure projects, and social spaces. They design in accordance with the surroundings and regulations applicable in specific geographic areas, taking into account factors that include function, aesthetics, costs, and public health and safety. They are aware of social contexts and environmental factors, which include the relationships between people and buildings, and buildings and the environment. They engage in multidisciplinary projects aimed at developing the social fabric of a geographic area and advancing in social urbanism projects.
- construction managerESCO 1323.1Overlapping, not the same
Construction managers are responsible for the planning and coordination of the construction projects. They provide expertise in the design phase of construction projects by facilitating a better estimate of the costs and the functional implications. They participate on bid processes for construction projects and handle subcontractors to deliver the different stages of the construction process from beginning to completion. They strive to enhance the value of the projects both improving efficiency and creating value for customers.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| H1218 | Responsable de projet recherche et développement | This occupation is broader |
| H1242 | Responsable de développement industriel en bioproduction | This occupation is broader |
| H1206 | Ingénieur / Ingénieure R&D en industrie | Related, not a match |
| K1735 | Architecte système de force, d'arme ou équipement militaire | Related, not a match |
| M1717 | Responsable innovation | Related, not a match |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 1223 | Directores de investigación y desarrollo | Overlapping, not the same |
| 1329 | Directores de otras empresas de servicios profesionales no clasificados bajo otros epígrafes | Related, not a match |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 27194 | Führungskräfte - Technische Forschung und Entwicklung | This occupation is broader |
| 27294 | Führungskräfte - Technisches Zeichnen, Konstruktion und Modellbau | This occupation is broader |
| 31194 | Führungskräfte - Bauplanung und -überwachung, Architektur | Related, not a match |
| 25294 | Führungskräfte - Fahrzeug-, Luft-, Raumfahrt- und Schiffbautechnik | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 27293 | Aufsichtskräfte - Technisches Zeichnen, Konstruktion und Modellbau | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 031 | 会社管理職員 | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources