Natural Sciences Managers
Management Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 11-9121.00
Plan, direct, or coordinate activities in such fields as life sciences, physical sciences, mathematics, statistics, and research and development in these fields.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.061
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.40
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only16 rated tasks · 16 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (100.0%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Advise or assist in obtaining patents or meeting other legal requirements.11-9121.00 | 0.009037.5 | 0.003718.2 |
Prepare project proposals.11-9121.00 | 0.005221.7 | —0 |
Review project activities and prepare and review research, testing, or operational reports.11-9121.00 | 0.004719.6 | 0.012661.6 |
Conduct own research in field of expertise.11-9121.00 | 0.003313.8 | 0.004120.2 |
Develop client relationships and communicate with clients to explain proposals, present research findings, establish specifications, or discuss project status.11-9121.00 | 0.00187.5 | —0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 11 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Confer with scientists, engineers, regulators, or others to plan or review projects or to provide technical assistance. | —0 | —0 |
Plan or direct research, development, or production activities. | —0 | —0 |
Design or coordinate successive phases of problem analysis, solution proposals, or testing. | —0 | —0 |
Hire, supervise, or evaluate engineers, technicians, researchers, or other staff. | —0 | —0 |
Determine scientific or technical goals within broad outlines provided by top management and make detailed plans to accomplish these goals. | —0 | —0 |
Develop or implement policies, standards, or procedures for the architectural, scientific, or technical work performed to ensure regulatory compliance or operations enhancement. | —0 | —0 |
Develop innovative technology or train staff for its implementation. | —0 | —0 |
Recruit personnel or oversee the development or maintenance of staff competence. | —0 | —0 |
Prepare and administer budgets, approve and review expenditures, and prepare financial reports. | —0 | —0 |
Make presentations at professional meetings to further knowledge in the field. | —0 | —0 |
Provide for stewardship of plant or animal resources or habitats, studying land use, monitoring animal populations, or providing shelter, resources, or medical treatment for animals. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Prepare project proposals.O*NET Task ID 7206 | 1.0 |
Conduct own research in field of expertise.O*NET Task ID 7214 | 1.0 |
Confer with scientists, engineers, regulators, or others to plan or review projects or to provide technical assistance.O*NET Task ID 7203 | 0.5 |
Develop client relationships and communicate with clients to explain proposals, present research findings, establish specifications, or discuss project status.O*NET Task ID 7204 | 0.5 |
Plan or direct research, development, or production activities.O*NET Task ID 7205 | 0.5 |
Design or coordinate successive phases of problem analysis, solution proposals, or testing.O*NET Task ID 7207 | 0.5 |
Review project activities and prepare and review research, testing, or operational reports.O*NET Task ID 7208 | 0.5 |
Hire, supervise, or evaluate engineers, technicians, researchers, or other staff.O*NET Task ID 7209 | 0.5 |
Determine scientific or technical goals within broad outlines provided by top management and make detailed plans to accomplish these goals.O*NET Task ID 7210 | 0.5 |
Develop or implement policies, standards, or procedures for the architectural, scientific, or technical work performed to ensure regulatory compliance or operations enhancement.O*NET Task ID 7211 | 0.5 |
Develop innovative technology or train staff for its implementation.O*NET Task ID 7212 | 0.5 |
Provide for stewardship of plant or animal resources or habitats, studying land use, monitoring animal populations, or providing shelter, resources, or medical treatment for animals.O*NET Task ID 7213 | 0.5 |
Recruit personnel or oversee the development or maintenance of staff competence.O*NET Task ID 7215 | 0.5 |
Advise or assist in obtaining patents or meeting other legal requirements.O*NET Task ID 7216 | 0.5 |
Prepare and administer budgets, approve and review expenditures, and prepare financial reports.O*NET Task ID 7217 | 0.5 |
Make presentations at professional meetings to further knowledge in the field.O*NET Task ID 7218 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (16)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Confer with scientists, engineers, regulators, or others to plan or review projects or to provide technical assistance. | Core |
| Develop client relationships and communicate with clients to explain proposals, present research findings, establish specifications, or discuss project status. | Core |
| Plan or direct research, development, or production activities. | Core |
| Prepare project proposals. | Core |
| Design or coordinate successive phases of problem analysis, solution proposals, or testing. | Core |
| Review project activities and prepare and review research, testing, or operational reports. | Core |
| Hire, supervise, or evaluate engineers, technicians, researchers, or other staff. | Core |
| Determine scientific or technical goals within broad outlines provided by top management and make detailed plans to accomplish these goals. | Core |
| Develop or implement policies, standards, or procedures for the architectural, scientific, or technical work performed to ensure regulatory compliance or operations enhancement. | Core |
| Develop innovative technology or train staff for its implementation. | Core |
| Conduct own research in field of expertise. | Core |
| Recruit personnel or oversee the development or maintenance of staff competence. | Core |
| Prepare and administer budgets, approve and review expenditures, and prepare financial reports. | Core |
| Make presentations at professional meetings to further knowledge in the field. | Core |
| Provide for stewardship of plant or animal resources or habitats, studying land use, monitoring animal populations, or providing shelter, resources, or medical treatment for animals. | Supplemental |
| Advise or assist in obtaining patents or meeting other legal requirements. | Supplemental |
0.00/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
None of this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks is classified as a physical task.
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
Values for the whole SOC 11-9121 group (Natural sciences managers), not for this O*NET occupation alone.
- Employment, 2025
- 112K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 122K
- Change (2025–35)
- +8.2%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $167,220
- Typical education needed for entry
- Bachelor's degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 13113 | 생명 및 자연과학 연구 관리자 | Same scope | confirmed |
| 13111 | 인문과학 연구 관리자 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
| 13112 | 사회과학 연구 관리자 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
| 13119 | 그 외 연구 관리자 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 1223Research and Development Managers
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Research and development managers plan, direct and coordinate the research and development activities of an enterprise or organization or of enterprises that provide related services to other enterprises and organizations.
Tasks
- (a) planning, directing and coordinating research and development activities, in-house or commissioned from external research organizations, to develop new or improved technical processes, products, knowledge, or utilization of materials;
- (b) planning the overall research and development programme of an enterprise or organization, specifying goals and budgetary requirements;
- (c) leading and managing the activities of research and development staff;
- (d) establishing and managing budgets, controlling expenditure and ensuring the efficient use of resources;
- (e) establishing and directing operational and administrative procedures;
- (f) planning and directing daily operations;
- (g) overseeing the selection, training and performance of staff;
- (h) representing the enterprise or organization at conventions, seminars and conferences.
Example occupations
Product development manager · Research manager
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- research and development managerESCO 1223.2Same scope
Research and development managers coordinate the efforts of scientists, academical researchers, product developers, and market researchers towards the creation of new products, the improvement of current ones or other research activities, including scientific research. They manage and plan research and development activities of an organisation, specify goals and budget requirements and manage the staff.
- research managerESCO 1223.2.2Same scope
Research managers oversee the research and development functions of a research facility or program or university. They support the executive staff, coordinate work activities, and monitor staff and research projects. They may work in a wide array of sectors, such as the chemical, technical and life sciences sector. Research managers can also advise on research and execute research themselves.
- natural resources consultantESCO 2133.8This occupation is broader
Natural resources consultant provide advice on the protection and management of natural resources, namely fauna, flora, soil and water to companies and governments which exploit these resources. They strive to guide companies on an appropriate policy for exploiting natural resources in industrial contexts, raise awareness on health issues, and ensure the conservation of ecosystems for sustainable interventions in natural habitats.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| H1104 | Directeur / Directrice des affaires médicales pharmaceutiques | This occupation is broader |
| H1221 | Responsable des partenariats de recherche en industrie pharmaceutique | This occupation is broader |
| H1501 | Responsable de laboratoire d'analyse industrielle | This occupation is broader |
| K2406 | Directeur / Directrice de recherche en industrie pharmaceutique | This occupation is broader |
| M1306 | Directeur / Directrice de bureau d'étude de la biodiversité | This occupation is broader |
| H1218 | Responsable de projet recherche et développement | Overlapping, not the same |
| H1220 | Responsable formulation en industrie pharmaceutique | Related, not a match |
| A1317 | Gestionnaire d'aires marines protégées | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 1223 | Directores de investigación y desarrollo | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 41194 | Führungskräfte - Mathematik und Statistik | This occupation is broader |
| 41294 | Führungskräfte - Biologie | This occupation is broader |
| 41494 | Führungskräfte - Physik | This occupation is broader |
| 41394 | Führungskräfte - Chemie | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 27194 | Führungskräfte - Technische Forschung und Entwicklung | Overlapping, not the same |
| 41293 | Aufsichtskräfte - Biologie | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 41493 | Aufsichtskräfte - Physik | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 051 | 自然科学系研究者 | This occupation is narrower |
| 031 | 会社管理職員 | Related, not a match |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources