Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate
Business and Financial Operations Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 13-2023.00
Appraise real estate, exclusively, and estimate its fair value. May assess taxes in accordance with prescribed schedules.
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.45
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
- Data source: OpenAIPublished: 2023
0.464
0.000Range of values carried here0.844Scale, basis and source
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only30 rated tasks · 29 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (96.7%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- 2 rated tasks are not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; their scores are kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Calculate tax bills for properties by multiplying assessed values by jurisdiction tax rates.O*NET Task ID 21575 | 1.0 |
Compute final estimation of property values, taking into account such factors as depreciation, replacement costs, value comparisons of similar properties, and income potential.O*NET Task ID 21549 | 0.5 |
Prepare written reports that estimate property values, outline methods by which the estimations were made, and meet appraisal standards.O*NET Task ID 21550 | 0.5 |
Inspect new construction and major improvements to existing structures to determine values.O*NET Task ID 21551 | 0.5 |
Collect and analyze relevant data to identify real estate market trends.O*NET Task ID 21552 | 0.5 |
Prepare and maintain current data on each parcel assessed, including maps of boundaries, inventories of land and structures, property characteristics, and any applicable exemptions.O*NET Task ID 21553 | 0.5 |
Explain assessed values to property owners and defend appealed assessments at public hearings.O*NET Task ID 21554 | 0.5 |
Identify the ownership of each piece of taxable property.O*NET Task ID 21555 | 0.5 |
Inspect properties, considering factors such as market value, location, and building or replacement costs to determine appraisal value.O*NET Task ID 21556 | 0.5 |
Complete and maintain assessment rolls that show the assessed values and status of all property in a municipality.O*NET Task ID 21557 | 0.5 |
Review information about transfers of property to ensure its accuracy, checking basic information on buyers, sellers, and sales prices and making corrections as necessary.O*NET Task ID 21558 | 0.5 |
Explain real and personal property taxes to property owners.O*NET Task ID 21559 | 0.5 |
Conduct regular reviews of property within jurisdictions to determine changes in property due to construction or demolition.O*NET Task ID 21560 | 0.5 |
Establish uniform and equitable systems for assessing all classes and kinds of property.O*NET Task ID 21561 | 0.5 |
Examine income records and operating costs of income properties.O*NET Task ID 21562 | 0.5 |
Evaluate land and neighborhoods where properties are situated, considering locations and trends or impending changes that could influence future values.O*NET Task ID 21563 | 0.5 |
Maintain familiarity with aspects of local real estate markets.O*NET Task ID 21564 | 0.5 |
Search public records for transactions such as sales, leases, and assessments.O*NET Task ID 21565 | 0.5 |
Check building codes and zoning bylaws to determine any effects on the properties being appraised.O*NET Task ID 21566 | 0.5 |
Verify legal descriptions of properties by comparing them to county records.O*NET Task ID 21567 | 0.5 |
Photograph interiors and exteriors of properties to assist in estimating property value, substantiate findings, and complete appraisal reports.O*NET Task ID 21569 | 0.5 |
Obtain county land values and sales information about nearby properties to aid in establishment of property values.O*NET Task ID 21570 | 0.5 |
Examine the type and location of nearby services, such as shopping centers, schools, parks, and other neighborhood features, to evaluate their impact on property values.O*NET Task ID 21571 | 0.5 |
Estimate building replacement costs, using building valuation manuals and professional cost estimators.O*NET Task ID 21572 | 0.5 |
Draw land diagrams to be used in appraisal reports to support findings.O*NET Task ID 21573 | 0.5 |
Testify in court as to the value of a piece of real estate property.O*NET Task ID 21574 | 0.5 |
Approve applications for property tax exemptions or deductions.O*NET Task ID 21576 | 0.5 |
Analyze trends in sales prices, construction costs, and rents, to assess property values or determine the accuracy of assessments.O*NET Task ID 21577 | 0.5 |
Determine taxability of properties, using methods such as field inspection, structural measurement, calculation, sales analysis, market trend studies, and income and expense analysis.O*NET Task ID 21578 | 0.5 |
Interview persons familiar with properties and immediate surroundings, such as contractors, home owners, and realtors, to obtain pertinent information.O*NET Task ID 21568 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (28)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Compute final estimation of property values, taking into account such factors as depreciation, replacement costs, value comparisons of similar properties, and income potential. | Core |
| Prepare written reports that estimate property values, outline methods by which the estimations were made, and meet appraisal standards. | Core |
| Inspect new construction and major improvements to existing structures to determine values. | Core |
| Collect and analyze relevant data to identify real estate market trends. | Core |
| Inspect properties, considering factors such as market value, location, and building or replacement costs to determine appraisal value. | Core |
| Review information about transfers of property to ensure its accuracy, checking basic information on buyers, sellers, and sales prices and making corrections as necessary. | Core |
| Conduct regular reviews of property within jurisdictions to determine changes in property due to construction or demolition. | Core |
| Examine income records and operating costs of income properties. | Core |
| Evaluate land and neighborhoods where properties are situated, considering locations and trends or impending changes that could influence future values. | Core |
| Maintain familiarity with aspects of local real estate markets. | Core |
| Search public records for transactions such as sales, leases, and assessments. | Core |
| Check building codes and zoning bylaws to determine any effects on the properties being appraised. | Core |
| Verify legal descriptions of properties by comparing them to county records. | Core |
| Interview persons familiar with properties and immediate surroundings, such as contractors, home owners, and realtors, to obtain pertinent information. | Core |
| Photograph interiors and exteriors of properties to assist in estimating property value, substantiate findings, and complete appraisal reports. | Core |
| Obtain county land values and sales information about nearby properties to aid in establishment of property values. | Core |
| Examine the type and location of nearby services, such as shopping centers, schools, parks, and other neighborhood features, to evaluate their impact on property values. | Core |
| Estimate building replacement costs, using building valuation manuals and professional cost estimators. | Core |
| Draw land diagrams to be used in appraisal reports to support findings. | Core |
| Testify in court as to the value of a piece of real estate property. | Core |
| Analyze trends in sales prices, construction costs, and rents, to assess property values or determine the accuracy of assessments. | Core |
| Prepare and maintain current data on each parcel assessed, including maps of boundaries, inventories of land and structures, property characteristics, and any applicable exemptions. | Supplemental |
| Explain assessed values to property owners and defend appealed assessments at public hearings. | Supplemental |
| Identify the ownership of each piece of taxable property. | Supplemental |
| Explain real and personal property taxes to property owners. | Supplemental |
| Establish uniform and equitable systems for assessing all classes and kinds of property. | Supplemental |
| Calculate tax bills for properties by multiplying assessed values by jurisdiction tax rates. | Supplemental |
| Determine taxability of properties, using methods such as field inspection, structural measurement, calculation, sales analysis, market trend studies, and income and expense analysis. | Supplemental |
0.09/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Inspect new construction and major improvements to existing structures to determine values. | E0 none |
| Inspect properties, considering factors such as market value, location, and building or replacement costs to determine appraisal value. | E0 none |
| Conduct regular reviews of property within jurisdictions to determine changes in property due to construction or demolition. | E3 unstructured settings |
| Photograph interiors and exteriors of properties to assist in estimating property value, substantiate findings, and complete appraisal reports. | E2 structured facilities |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
The BLS Employment Projections table has no row for SOC 13-2023.
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 28411 | 부동산 감정 전문가 | Same scope | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 3315Valuers and Loss Assessors
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Valuers and loss assessors value property and various goods and assess losses covered by insurance policies.
Tasks
- (a) determining the quality or value of raw materials, real estate, industrial equipment, personal and household effects, works of art, gems and other objects;
- (b) assessing the extent of damage or loss and liabilities of insurance companies and underwriters for losses covered by insurance policies;
- (c) obtaining records of sales and value of similar items or property;
- (d) inspecting items or property to evaluate condition, size and construction;
- (e) preparing reports of value, outlining the estimation factors and methods used.
Example occupations
Appraiser · Claims assessor · Claims inspector · Insurance assessor · Real estate appraiser · Valuer
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- property appraiserESCO 3315.7Same scope
Property appraisers undertake detailed analysis and investigation of properties in order to determine their value for sales, mortgage and insurance purposes. They compare the value of properties taking into account the age, actual state of property, its quality, repairs needed and overall sustainability. Property appraisers make an inventory of fixtures, compose a schedule of condition of property and prepare appraisal reports for both commercial and residential properties.
- real estate surveyorESCO 3315.8Overlapping, not the same
Real estate surveyors undertake research in order to assess the value of property for tax purposes. They investigate multiple properties at once, using accurate appraisal techniques. They provide their services usually to local and governmental bodies for taxation reasons.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| F1131 | Géomètre du cadastre | Related, not a match |
| F1146 | Géomètre expert / Géomètre experte | Related, not a match |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 3405 | Tasadores | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 3621 | Profesionales de apoyo de la Administración Pública de tributos | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 61313 | Berufe in der Immobilienvermarktung und -verwaltung - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 73233 | Berufe in der Steuerverwaltung - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 249 | 他に分類されない専門的職業従事者 | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 259 | その他の一般事務従事者 | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources