Geographic Information Systems Technologists and Technicians
Computer and Mathematical Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 15-1299.02
Assist scientists or related professionals in building, maintaining, modifying, or using geographic information systems (GIS) databases. May also perform some custom application development or provide user support.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.311
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.43–0.55· 3 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 2519Software and Applications Developers and Analysts Not Elsewhere Classified0.55
- ISCO-08 2529Database and Network Professionals Not Elsewhere Classified0.49
- ISCO-08 3511Information and Communications Technology Operations Technicians0.43
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only29 rated tasks · 29 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (100.0%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Tasks of O*NET-SOC 2010 occupations 15-1199.04 Geospatial Information Scientists and Technologists; 15-1199.05 Geographic Information Systems Technicians, linked to this occupation by the O*NET-SOC 2010 to 2019 crosswalk
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Create, analyze, report, convert, or transfer data, using specialized applications program software.15-1199.04 | 0.019417.2 | 0.137370.2 |
Provide technical support to users or clients regarding the maintenance, development, or operation of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) databases, equipment, or applications.15-1199.05 | 0.014813.1 | 0.00482.5 |
Create visual representations of geospatial data using complex procedures, such as analytical modeling, three-dimensional renderings, or plot creation.15-1199.04 | 0.012210.8 | 0.00351.8 |
Document, design, code, or test Geographic Information Systems (GIS) models, internet mapping solutions, or other applications.15-1199.04 | 0.00998.8 | 0.01095.6 |
Provide technical expertise in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology to clients or users.15-1199.04 | 0.00776.8 | 0.00150.8 |
Provide technical support for computer-based Geographic Information Systems (GIS) mapping software.15-1199.04 | 0.00736.5 | 0.00251.3 |
Perform computer programming, data analysis, or software development for Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applications, including the maintenance of existing systems or research and development for future enhancements.15-1199.04 | 0.00726.4 | 0.00351.8 |
Perform geospatial data building, modeling, or analysis, using advanced spatial analysis, data manipulation, or cartography software.15-1199.05 | 0.00534.7 | 0.00321.6 |
Recommend procedures or equipment or software upgrades to increase data accessibility or ease of use.15-1199.05 | 0.00433.8 | —0 |
Develop specialized computer software routines, internet-based Geographic Information Systems (GIS) databases, or business applications to customize geographic information.15-1199.04 | 0.00373.3 | —0 |
Confer with users to analyze, configure, or troubleshoot applications.15-1199.05 | 0.00363.2 | 0.00583.0 |
Maintain or modify existing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) databases.15-1199.05 | 0.00363.2 | 0.00583.0 |
Design, program, or model Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applications or procedures.15-1199.04 | 0.00363.2 | —0 |
Select cartographic elements needed for effective presentation of information.15-1199.05 | 0.00353.1 | —0 |
Analyze Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data to identify spatial relationships or display results of analyses, using maps, graphs, or tabular data.15-1199.05 | 0.00262.3 | 0.01065.4 |
Collect, compile, or integrate Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data, such as remote sensing or cartographic data for inclusion in map manuscripts.15-1199.04 | 0.00252.2 | 0.00170.9 |
Prepare training materials for or make presentations to Geographic Information Systems (GIS) users.15-1199.04 | 0.00191.7 | —0 |
Enter data into Geographic Information Systems (GIS) databases, using techniques such as coordinate geometry, keyboard entry of tabular data, manual digitizing of maps, scanning or automatic conversion to vectors, or conversion of other sources of digital data. | —0 | 0.00442.3 |
| Not observed on any surface — 24 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Perform integrated or computerized Geographic Information Systems (GIS) analyses to address scientific problems. | —0 | —0 |
Assist users in formulating Geographic Information Systems (GIS) requirements or understanding the implications of alternatives. | —0 | —0 |
Conduct or coordinate research, data analysis, systems design, or support for software such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS) or Global Positioning Systems (GPS) mapping software. | —0 | —0 |
Make recommendations regarding upgrades considering implications of new or revised Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software, equipment, or applications. | —0 | —0 |
Produce data layers, maps, tables, or reports, using spatial analysis procedures or Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology, equipment, or systems. | —0 | —0 |
Coordinate the development or administration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) projects, including the development of technical priorities, client reporting and interface, or coordination and review of schedules and budgets. | —0 | —0 |
Lead, train, or supervise technicians or related staff in the conduct of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) analytical procedures. | —0 | —0 |
Create, edit, or analyze geospatial data, using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) or digitizing techniques. | —0 | —0 |
Conduct feasibility studies or identify system, time, equipment, or cost requirements for projects. | —0 | —0 |
Coordinate or direct research or publication activities of technicians or related staff. | —0 | —0 |
Meet with clients to discuss topics such as technical specifications, customized solutions, or operational problems. | —0 | —0 |
Apply three-dimensional (3D) or four-dimensional (4D) technologies to geospatial data to allow for new or different analyses or applications. | —0 | —0 |
Develop new applications for geospatial technology in areas such as farmland preservation, pollution measurement, or utilities operations management. | —0 | —0 |
Read current literature, talk with colleagues, continue education, or participate in professional organizations or conferences to keep abreast of developments in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology, equipment, or systems. | —0 | —0 |
Transfer or rescale information from original photographs onto maps or other photographs. | —0 | —0 |
Review existing or incoming data for currency, accuracy, usefulness, quality, or completeness of documentation. | —0 | —0 |
Interpret aerial or ortho photographs. | —0 | —0 |
Design or prepare graphic representations of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data, using GIS hardware or software applications. | —0 | —0 |
Design or coordinate the development of integrated Geographic Information Systems (GIS) spatial or non-spatial databases. | —0 | —0 |
Analyze Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data for use in urban planning applications that promote better land use or reduce environmental impacts of development. | —0 | —0 |
Analyze Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data to determine the best locations for renewable energy sites, including solar or wind energy installations. | —0 | —0 |
Apply Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data in transportation routing settings to determine the best routing to reduce pollution or energy consumption. | —0 | —0 |
Confer with biologists or other researchers in the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data to define wildlife areas or corridors for land use planning. | —0 | —0 |
Participate in projects that map changes in carbon emissions levels across different geographic locations, using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Maintain or modify existing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) databases.O*NET Task ID 21717 | 1.0 |
Perform computer programming, data analysis, or software development for Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applications, including the maintenance of existing systems or research and development for future enhancements.O*NET Task ID 21719 | 1.0 |
Document, design, code, or test Geographic Information Systems (GIS) models, internet mapping solutions, or other applications.O*NET Task ID 21730 | 1.0 |
Design, program, or model Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applications or procedures.O*NET Task ID 21733 | 1.0 |
Develop specialized computer software routines, internet-based Geographic Information Systems (GIS) databases, or business applications to customize geographic information.O*NET Task ID 21734 | 1.0 |
Produce data layers, maps, tables, or reports, using spatial analysis procedures or Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology, equipment, or systems.O*NET Task ID 21715 | 0.5 |
Design or prepare graphic representations of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data, using GIS hardware or software applications.O*NET Task ID 21716 | 0.5 |
Provide technical expertise in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology to clients or users.O*NET Task ID 21718 | 0.5 |
Enter data into Geographic Information Systems (GIS) databases, using techniques such as coordinate geometry, keyboard entry of tabular data, manual digitizing of maps, scanning or automatic conversion to vectors, or conversion of other sources of digital data.O*NET Task ID 21720 | 0.5 |
Review existing or incoming data for currency, accuracy, usefulness, quality, or completeness of documentation.O*NET Task ID 21721 | 0.5 |
Perform geospatial data building, modeling, or analysis, using advanced spatial analysis, data manipulation, or cartography software.O*NET Task ID 21722 | 0.5 |
Design or coordinate the development of integrated Geographic Information Systems (GIS) spatial or non-spatial databases.O*NET Task ID 21723 | 0.5 |
Perform integrated or computerized Geographic Information Systems (GIS) analyses to address scientific problems.O*NET Task ID 21724 | 0.5 |
Select cartographic elements needed for effective presentation of information.O*NET Task ID 21725 | 0.5 |
Provide technical support to users or clients regarding the maintenance, development, or operation of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) databases, equipment, or applications.O*NET Task ID 21726 | 0.5 |
Collect, compile, or integrate Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data, such as remote sensing or cartographic data for inclusion in map manuscripts.O*NET Task ID 21727 | 0.5 |
Interpret aerial or ortho photographs.O*NET Task ID 21728 | 0.5 |
Meet with clients to discuss topics such as technical specifications, customized solutions, or operational problems.O*NET Task ID 21729 | 0.5 |
Create, analyze, report, convert, or transfer data, using specialized applications program software.O*NET Task ID 21731 | 0.5 |
Confer with users to analyze, configure, or troubleshoot applications.O*NET Task ID 21732 | 0.5 |
Make recommendations regarding upgrades, considering implications of new or revised Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software, equipment, or applications.O*NET Task ID 21735 | 0.5 |
Assist users in formulating Geographic Information Systems (GIS) requirements or understanding the implications of alternatives.O*NET Task ID 21736 | 0.5 |
Create visual representations of geospatial data, using complex procedures such as analytical modeling, three-dimensional renderings, or plot creation.O*NET Task ID 21737 | 0.5 |
Transfer or rescale information from original photographs onto maps or other photographs.O*NET Task ID 21738 | 0.5 |
Prepare training materials for, or make presentations to, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) users.O*NET Task ID 21739 | 0.5 |
Apply three-dimensional (3D) or four-dimensional (4D) technologies to geospatial data to allow for new or different analyses or applications.O*NET Task ID 21740 | 0.5 |
Conduct research, data analysis, systems design, or support for software such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS) or Global Positioning Systems (GPS) mapping software.O*NET Task ID 21741 | 0.5 |
Read current literature, talk with colleagues, continue education, or participate in professional organizations or conferences to keep abreast of developments in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology, equipment, or systems.O*NET Task ID 21742 | 0.5 |
Recommend procedures, equipment, or software upgrades to increase data accessibility or ease of use.O*NET Task ID 21743 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (29)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Produce data layers, maps, tables, or reports, using spatial analysis procedures or Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology, equipment, or systems. | Core |
| Design or prepare graphic representations of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data, using GIS hardware or software applications. | Core |
| Maintain or modify existing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) databases. | Core |
| Provide technical expertise in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology to clients or users. | Core |
| Enter data into Geographic Information Systems (GIS) databases, using techniques such as coordinate geometry, keyboard entry of tabular data, manual digitizing of maps, scanning or automatic conversion to vectors, or conversion of other sources of digital data. | Core |
| Review existing or incoming data for currency, accuracy, usefulness, quality, or completeness of documentation. | Core |
| Perform geospatial data building, modeling, or analysis, using advanced spatial analysis, data manipulation, or cartography software. | Core |
| Design or coordinate the development of integrated Geographic Information Systems (GIS) spatial or non-spatial databases. | Core |
| Perform integrated or computerized Geographic Information Systems (GIS) analyses to address scientific problems. | Core |
| Select cartographic elements needed for effective presentation of information. | Core |
| Provide technical support to users or clients regarding the maintenance, development, or operation of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) databases, equipment, or applications. | Core |
| Collect, compile, or integrate Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data, such as remote sensing or cartographic data for inclusion in map manuscripts. | Core |
| Interpret aerial or ortho photographs. | Core |
| Meet with clients to discuss topics such as technical specifications, customized solutions, or operational problems. | Core |
| Document, design, code, or test Geographic Information Systems (GIS) models, internet mapping solutions, or other applications. | Core |
| Create, analyze, report, convert, or transfer data, using specialized applications program software. | Core |
| Confer with users to analyze, configure, or troubleshoot applications. | Core |
| Design, program, or model Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applications or procedures. | Core |
| Create visual representations of geospatial data, using complex procedures such as analytical modeling, three-dimensional renderings, or plot creation. | Core |
| Transfer or rescale information from original photographs onto maps or other photographs. | Core |
| Conduct research, data analysis, systems design, or support for software such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS) or Global Positioning Systems (GPS) mapping software. | Core |
| Read current literature, talk with colleagues, continue education, or participate in professional organizations or conferences to keep abreast of developments in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology, equipment, or systems. | Core |
| Recommend procedures, equipment, or software upgrades to increase data accessibility or ease of use. | Core |
| Perform computer programming, data analysis, or software development for Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applications, including the maintenance of existing systems or research and development for future enhancements. | Supplemental |
| Develop specialized computer software routines, internet-based Geographic Information Systems (GIS) databases, or business applications to customize geographic information. | Supplemental |
| Make recommendations regarding upgrades, considering implications of new or revised Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software, equipment, or applications. | Supplemental |
| Assist users in formulating Geographic Information Systems (GIS) requirements or understanding the implications of alternatives. | Supplemental |
| Prepare training materials for, or make presentations to, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) users. | Supplemental |
| Apply three-dimensional (3D) or four-dimensional (4D) technologies to geospatial data to allow for new or different analyses or applications. | Supplemental |
0.00/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
None of this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks is classified as a physical task.
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
Values for the whole SOC 15-1299 group (Computer occupations, all other), not for this O*NET occupation alone.
- Employment, 2025
- 471K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 495K
- Change (2025–35)
- +5.1%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $116,580
- Typical education needed for entry
- Bachelor's degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 23164 | 공간정보 시스템 전문가 | Same scope | confirmed |
| 23169 | 그 외 측량 및 공간정보 전문가 | Overlapping, not the same | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2519Software and Applications Developers and Analysts Not Elsewhere Classified
- ISCO-08 2529Database and Network Professionals Not Elsewhere Classified
- ISCO-08 3511Information and Communications Technology Operations Technicians
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- geographic information systems specialistESCO 2165.3Same scope
Geographic information systems specialists use specialised computer systems, engineering measures, and geological concepts to process land, geographic, and geospatial information into visually detailed digital maps and geomodels of a reservoir. They convert technical information like soil density and properties into digital representations of it for the usage of engineers, governments, and stakeholders interested.
- cartographerESCO 2165.2Overlapping, not the same
Cartographers create maps by combining various scientific informations depending of the purpose of the map (e.g. topographic, urban, or political maps). They combine the interpretation of mathematical notes and measurements with the aesthetics and visual depiction of the site for developing the maps. They may also work on developing and improving geographic information systems and may perform scientific research within cartography.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| M1895 | Géomaticien / Géomaticienne | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| F1109 | Assistant / Assistante géomètre | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| M1808 | Cartographe | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2454 | Ingenieros geógrafos y cartógrafos | Related, not a match |
| 3110 | Delineantes y dibujantes técnicos | Related, not a match |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 31222 | Berufe in der Kartografie - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Overlapping, not the same |
| 43144 | Berufe in der Geoinformatik - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Overlapping, not the same |
| 31223 | Berufe in der Kartografie - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 093 | 測量技術者 | Related, not a match |
| 109 | その他の情報処理・通信技術者 | Related, not a match |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources