Mathematicians
Computer and Mathematical Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 15-2021.00
Conduct research in fundamental mathematics or in application of mathematical techniques to science, management, and other fields. Solve problems in various fields using mathematical methods.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.424
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.56
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only11 rated tasks · 11 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (100.0%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Address the relationships of quantities, magnitudes, and forms through the use of numbers and symbols.15-2021.00 | 0.107349.2 | 0.050544.4 |
Develop mathematical or statistical models of phenomena to be used for analysis or for computational simulation.15-2021.00 | 0.053524.5 | 0.012711.2 |
Conduct research to extend mathematical knowledge in traditional areas, such as algebra, geometry, probability, and logic.15-2021.00 | 0.028713.2 | 0.039434.6 |
Develop new principles and new relationships between existing mathematical principles to advance mathematical science.15-2021.00 | 0.022610.4 | 0.01119.8 |
Develop computational methods for solving problems that occur in areas of science and engineering or that come from applications in business or industry.15-2021.00 | 0.00341.6 | —0 |
Disseminate research by writing reports, publishing papers, or presenting at professional conferences.15-2021.00 | 0.00261.2 | —0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 5 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Apply mathematical theories and techniques to the solution of practical problems in business, engineering, the sciences, or other fields. | —0 | —0 |
Maintain knowledge in the field by reading professional journals, talking with other mathematicians, and attending professional conferences. | —0 | —0 |
Perform computations and apply methods of numerical analysis to data. | —0 | —0 |
Assemble sets of assumptions and explore the consequences of each set. | —0 | —0 |
Design, analyze, and decipher encryption systems designed to transmit military, political, financial, or law-enforcement-related information in code. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Apply mathematical theories and techniques to the solution of practical problems in business, engineering, the sciences, or other fields.O*NET Task ID 7367 | 1.0 |
Develop computational methods for solving problems that occur in areas of science and engineering or that come from applications in business or industry.O*NET Task ID 7368 | 1.0 |
Maintain knowledge in the field by reading professional journals, talking with other mathematicians, and attending professional conferences.O*NET Task ID 7369 | 1.0 |
Perform computations and apply methods of numerical analysis to data.O*NET Task ID 7370 | 1.0 |
Develop mathematical or statistical models of phenomena to be used for analysis or for computational simulation.O*NET Task ID 7371 | 1.0 |
Assemble sets of assumptions, and explore the consequences of each set.O*NET Task ID 7372 | 1.0 |
Address the relationships of quantities, magnitudes, and forms through the use of numbers and symbols.O*NET Task ID 7373 | 1.0 |
Develop new principles and new relationships between existing mathematical principles to advance mathematical science.O*NET Task ID 7374 | 1.0 |
Design, analyze, and decipher encryption systems designed to transmit military, political, financial, or law-enforcement-related information in code.O*NET Task ID 7375 | 1.0 |
Conduct research to extend mathematical knowledge in traditional areas, such as algebra, geometry, probability, and logic.O*NET Task ID 7376 | 1.0 |
Disseminate research by writing reports, publishing papers, or presenting at professional conferences.O*NET Task ID 20191 | 1.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (12)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Apply mathematical theories and techniques to the solution of practical problems in business, engineering, the sciences, or other fields. | Core |
| Develop computational methods for solving problems that occur in areas of science and engineering or that come from applications in business or industry. | Core |
| Maintain knowledge in the field by reading professional journals, talking with other mathematicians, and attending professional conferences. | Core |
| Perform computations and apply methods of numerical analysis to data. | Core |
| Develop mathematical or statistical models of phenomena to be used for analysis or for computational simulation. | Core |
| Assemble sets of assumptions, and explore the consequences of each set. | Core |
| Address the relationships of quantities, magnitudes, and forms through the use of numbers and symbols. | Core |
| Develop new principles and new relationships between existing mathematical principles to advance mathematical science. | Core |
| Conduct research to extend mathematical knowledge in traditional areas, such as algebra, geometry, probability, and logic. | Core |
| Disseminate research by writing reports, publishing papers, or presenting at professional conferences. | Core |
| Mentor others on mathematical techniques. | Core |
| Design, analyze, and decipher encryption systems designed to transmit military, political, financial, or law-enforcement-related information in code. | Supplemental |
0.00/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
None of this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks is classified as a physical task.
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 2K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 2K
- Change (2025–35)
- +0.6%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $126,710
- Typical education needed for entry
- Master's degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21123 | 수학 및 통계학 연구원 | This occupation is narrower | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2120Mathematicians, Actuaries and Statisticians
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Mathematicians, actuaries and statisticians conduct research and improve or develop mathematical, actuarial and statistical concepts, theories and operational methods and techniques and advise on or engage in their practical application in such fields as engineering, business and social and other sciences.
Tasks
- (a) studying, improving and developing mathematical, actuarial and statistical theories and techniques;
- (b) advising on or applying mathematical principles, models and techniques to a wide range of tasks in the fields of engineering, natural, social or life sciences;
- (c) conducting logical analyses of management problems, especially in terms of input-output effectiveness, and formulating mathematical models of each problem usually for programmeming and solution by computer;
- (c) designing and putting into operation pension schemes and life, health, social and other types of insurance systems;
- (e) applying mathematics, statistics, probability and risk theory to assess potential financial impacts of future events;
- (f) planning and organizing surveys and other statistical collections, and designing questionnaires;
- (g) evaluating, processing, analysing, and interpreting statistical data and preparing them for publication;
- (h) advising on or applying various data collection methods and statistical methods and techniques, and determining reliability of findings, especially in such fields as business or medicine as well as in other areas of natural, social or life sciences;
- (i) preparing scientific papers and reports;
- (j) supervising the work of mathematical, actuarial and statistical assistants and statistical clerks.
Example occupations
Actuary · Demographer · Mathematician · Operations research analyst · Statistician
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- mathematicianESCO 2120.5Same scope
Mathematicians study and deepen existing mathematical theories in order to expand the knowledge and find new paradigms within the field. They can apply this knowledge to challenges presented in engineering and scientific projects in order to assure that measurements, quantities, and mathematic laws prove their viability.
- mathematics lecturerESCO 2310.1.24Overlapping, not the same
Mathematics lecturers instruct students who have obtained an upper secondary education diploma in their own specialised field of study, mathematics, which is predominantly academic in nature. They work with their university research assistants and university teaching assistants for the preparation of lectures and of exams, for grading papers and exams and for leading review and feedback sessions for the students. They also conduct academic research in their respective field of mathematics, publish their findings and liaise with other university colleagues.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| K2408 | Mathématicien / Mathématicienne | Same scopeprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2415 | Matemáticos y actuarios | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 41104 | Berufe in der Mathematik (ohne Spezialisierung) - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Same scope |
| 41103 | Berufe in der Mathematik (ohne Spezialisierung) - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 41184 | Berufe in der Mathematik (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 051 | 自然科学系研究者 | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources