- O*NET-SOC code
- 17-1022.00
Make exact measurements and determine property boundaries. Provide data relevant to the shape, contour, gravitation, location, elevation, or dimension of land or land features on or near the earth's surface for engineering, mapmaking, mining, land evaluation, construction, and other purposes.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.002
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.44
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only24 rated tasks · 21 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (87.5%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Develop criteria for the design and modification of survey instruments.17-1022.00 | 0.004675.4 | 0.0019100.0 |
Prepare and maintain sketches, maps, reports, and legal descriptions of surveys to describe, certify, and assume liability for work performed.17-1022.00 | 0.001524.6 | —0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 21 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Verify the accuracy of survey data including measurements and calculations conducted at survey sites. | —0 | —0 |
Direct or conduct surveys to establish legal boundaries for properties, based on legal deeds and titles. | —0 | —0 |
Record the results of surveys including the shape, contour, location, elevation, and dimensions of land or land features. | —0 | —0 |
Calculate heights, depths, relative positions, property lines, and other characteristics of terrain. | —0 | —0 |
Prepare or supervise preparation of all data, charts, plots, maps, records, and documents related to surveys. | —0 | —0 |
Write descriptions of property boundary surveys for use in deeds, leases, or other legal documents. | —0 | —0 |
Plan and conduct ground surveys designed to establish baselines, elevations, and other geodetic measurements. | —0 | —0 |
Search legal records, survey records, and land titles to obtain information about property boundaries in areas to be surveyed. | —0 | —0 |
Coordinate findings with the work of engineering and architectural personnel, clients, and others concerned with projects. | —0 | —0 |
Adjust surveying instruments to maintain their accuracy. | —0 | —0 |
Establish fixed points for use in making maps, using geodetic and engineering instruments. | —0 | —0 |
Determine longitudes and latitudes of important features and boundaries in survey areas using theodolites, transits, levels, and satellite-based global positioning systems (GPS). | —0 | —0 |
Train assistants and helpers, and direct their work in such activities as performing surveys or drafting maps. | —0 | —0 |
Analyze survey objectives and specifications to prepare survey proposals or to direct others in survey proposal preparation. | —0 | —0 |
Compute geodetic measurements and interpret survey data to determine positions, shapes, and elevations of geomorphic and topographic features. | —0 | —0 |
Develop criteria for survey methods and procedures. | —0 | —0 |
Conduct research in surveying and mapping methods using knowledge of techniques of photogrammetric map compilation and electronic data processing. | —0 | —0 |
Survey bodies of water to determine navigable channels and to secure data for construction of breakwaters, piers, and other marine structures. | —0 | —0 |
Locate and mark sites selected for geophysical prospecting activities such as efforts to locate petroleum or other mineral products. | —0 | —0 |
Direct aerial surveys of specified geographical areas. | —0 | —0 |
Determine specifications for photographic equipment to be used for aerial photography, as well as altitudes from which to photograph terrain. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Write descriptions of property boundary surveys for use in deeds, leases, or other legal documents.O*NET Task ID 3534 | 1.0 |
Train assistants and helpers, and direct their work in such activities as performing surveys or drafting maps.O*NET Task ID 3541 | 1.0 |
Develop criteria for the design and modification of survey instruments.O*NET Task ID 3545 | 1.0 |
Prepare and maintain sketches, maps, reports, and legal descriptions of surveys to describe, certify, and assume liability for work performed.O*NET Task ID 3528 | 0.5 |
Verify the accuracy of survey data, including measurements and calculations conducted at survey sites.O*NET Task ID 3529 | 0.5 |
Direct or conduct surveys to establish legal boundaries for properties, based on legal deeds and titles.O*NET Task ID 3530 | 0.5 |
Record the results of surveys, including the shape, contour, location, elevation, and dimensions of land or land features.O*NET Task ID 3531 | 0.5 |
Calculate heights, depths, relative positions, property lines, and other characteristics of terrain.O*NET Task ID 3532 | 0.5 |
Prepare, or supervise preparation of, all data, charts, plots, maps, records, and documents related to surveys.O*NET Task ID 3533 | 0.5 |
Plan and conduct ground surveys designed to establish baselines, elevations, and other geodetic measurements.O*NET Task ID 3535 | 0.5 |
Search legal records, survey records, and land titles to obtain information about property boundaries in areas to be surveyed.O*NET Task ID 3536 | 0.5 |
Coordinate findings with the work of engineering and architectural personnel, clients, and others concerned with projects.O*NET Task ID 3537 | 0.5 |
Analyze survey objectives and specifications to prepare survey proposals or to direct others in survey proposal preparation.O*NET Task ID 3542 | 0.5 |
Compute geodetic measurements and interpret survey data to determine positions, shapes, and elevations of geomorphic and topographic features.O*NET Task ID 3543 | 0.5 |
Develop criteria for survey methods and procedures.O*NET Task ID 3544 | 0.5 |
Conduct research in surveying and mapping methods, using knowledge of photogrammetric map compilation and electronic data processing.O*NET Task ID 3546 | 0.5 |
Locate and mark sites selected for geophysical prospecting activities, such as efforts to locate petroleum or other mineral products.O*NET Task ID 3547 | 0.5 |
Survey bodies of water to determine navigable channels and to secure data for construction of breakwaters, piers, and other marine structures.O*NET Task ID 3548 | 0.5 |
Direct aerial surveys of specified geographical areas.O*NET Task ID 3549 | 0.5 |
Determine specifications for equipment to be used for aerial photography, as well as altitudes from which to photograph terrain.O*NET Task ID 3550 | 0.5 |
Testify as an expert witness in court cases on land survey issues, such as property boundaries.O*NET Task ID 20954 | 0.5 |
Adjust surveying instruments to maintain their accuracy.O*NET Task ID 3538 | 0.0 |
Establish fixed points for use in making maps, using geodetic and engineering instruments.O*NET Task ID 3539 | 0.0 |
Determine longitudes and latitudes of important features and boundaries in survey areas, using theodolites, transits, levels, and satellite-based global positioning systems (GPS).O*NET Task ID 3540 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (24)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Prepare and maintain sketches, maps, reports, and legal descriptions of surveys to describe, certify, and assume liability for work performed. | Core |
| Verify the accuracy of survey data, including measurements and calculations conducted at survey sites. | Core |
| Direct or conduct surveys to establish legal boundaries for properties, based on legal deeds and titles. | Core |
| Record the results of surveys, including the shape, contour, location, elevation, and dimensions of land or land features. | Core |
| Calculate heights, depths, relative positions, property lines, and other characteristics of terrain. | Core |
| Prepare, or supervise preparation of, all data, charts, plots, maps, records, and documents related to surveys. | Core |
| Write descriptions of property boundary surveys for use in deeds, leases, or other legal documents. | Core |
| Plan and conduct ground surveys designed to establish baselines, elevations, and other geodetic measurements. | Core |
| Search legal records, survey records, and land titles to obtain information about property boundaries in areas to be surveyed. | Core |
| Coordinate findings with the work of engineering and architectural personnel, clients, and others concerned with projects. | Core |
| Adjust surveying instruments to maintain their accuracy. | Core |
| Establish fixed points for use in making maps, using geodetic and engineering instruments. | Core |
| Determine longitudes and latitudes of important features and boundaries in survey areas, using theodolites, transits, levels, and satellite-based global positioning systems (GPS). | Core |
| Train assistants and helpers, and direct their work in such activities as performing surveys or drafting maps. | Core |
| Analyze survey objectives and specifications to prepare survey proposals or to direct others in survey proposal preparation. | Core |
| Compute geodetic measurements and interpret survey data to determine positions, shapes, and elevations of geomorphic and topographic features. | Core |
| Develop criteria for survey methods and procedures. | Core |
| Conduct research in surveying and mapping methods, using knowledge of photogrammetric map compilation and electronic data processing. | Core |
| Survey bodies of water to determine navigable channels and to secure data for construction of breakwaters, piers, and other marine structures. | Core |
| Direct aerial surveys of specified geographical areas. | Core |
| Testify as an expert witness in court cases on land survey issues, such as property boundaries. | Core |
| Develop criteria for the design and modification of survey instruments. | Supplemental |
| Locate and mark sites selected for geophysical prospecting activities, such as efforts to locate petroleum or other mineral products. | Supplemental |
| Determine specifications for equipment to be used for aerial photography, as well as altitudes from which to photograph terrain. | Supplemental |
0.17/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Direct or conduct surveys to establish legal boundaries for properties, based on legal deeds and titles. | E0 none |
| Plan and conduct ground surveys designed to establish baselines, elevations, and other geodetic measurements. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Adjust surveying instruments to maintain their accuracy. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Establish fixed points for use in making maps, using geodetic and engineering instruments. | E0 none |
| Determine longitudes and latitudes of important features and boundaries in survey areas, using theodolites, transits, levels, and satellite-based global positioning systems (GPS). | E0 none |
| Survey bodies of water to determine navigable channels and to secure data for construction of breakwaters, piers, and other marine structures. | E2 structured facilities |
| Direct aerial surveys of specified geographical areas. | E3 unstructured settings |
| Locate and mark sites selected for geophysical prospecting activities, such as efforts to locate petroleum or other mineral products. | E2 structured facilities |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
Values for the whole SOC 17-1022 group (Surveyors), not for this O*NET occupation alone.
- Employment, 2025
- 52K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 55K
- Change (2025–35)
- +5.8%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $75,440
- Typical education needed for entry
- Bachelor's degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 23161 | 측량 및 지리정보 기술자 | Same scope | confirmed |
| 23169 | 그 외 측량 및 공간정보 전문가 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2165Cartographers and Surveyors
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Cartographers and surveyors determine the exact position of, or prepare and revise digital, graphic and pictorial maps, charts or other visual representation of, natural and constructed features and boundaries of land, seas, underground areas and celestial bodies, applying scientific and mathematical principles.
Tasks
- (a) surveying, measuring and describing land surfaces, mines, underground surfaces, sea, river and lake beds;
- (b) noting exact position of various features and recording survey data in digital form;
- (c) making charts and maps to be used in determining navigable waters and channels and in planning construction of marine structures;
- (d) planning and conducting aerial photographic surveys;
- (e) designing, compiling and revising maps and charts using aerial and other photographs, satellite imagery, survey documents and data, existing maps and records, reports and statistics;
- (f) undertaking research and development of surveying and photogrammetric measurement systems, cadastral systems and land information systems;
- (g) studying and advising on technical, aesthetic and economic aspects of map production;
- (h) maintaining technical liaison and consultancy with other relevant specialists.
Example occupations
Aerial surveyor · Cadastral surveyor · Cartographer · Hydrographic surveyor · Land surveyor · Mine surveyor · Photogrammetrist
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- hydrographic surveyorESCO 2165.4.1This occupation is broader
Hydrographic surveyors measure and map, by means of specialised equipment, marine environments. They collect scientific data in order to study the underwater topography and morphology of bodies of water.
- mine surveying technicianESCO 3117.5This occupation is broader
Mine surveying technicians conduct boundary and topographic surveys and surveys of the progress of mining operations. They operate surveying equipment and utilise programs to retrieve and interpret relevant data, and perform computations as required.
- mine surveyorESCO 2165.4.2This occupation is broader
Mine surveyors prepare and maintain mining plans in line with statutory and management requirements. They keep records of the physical progress of mining operations and of ore or mineral production.
- land surveyorESCO 2165.4Overlapping, not the same
Land surveyors determine, by means of specialised equipment, the distances and positions of points at the surface of sites for construction purposes. They use measurements of the specific aspects of construction sites, such as electricity, distance measurements, and metal structure volumes to create architectural drawings and develop construction projects.
- surveying technicianESCO 3112.9Overlapping, not the same
Surveying technicians carry out technical surveying tasks. They assist surveyors, architects or engineers in surveying related technical tasks such as mapping land, creating construction drawings and operating precise measuring equipment
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| F1107 | Géomètre | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| F1131 | Géomètre du cadastre | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| F1146 | Géomètre expert / Géomètre experte | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2483 | Ingenieros técnicos en topografía | Same scope |
| 2454 | Ingenieros geógrafos y cartógrafos | Related, not a match |
| 3122 | Técnicos en construcción | Related, not a match |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 31214 | Berufe in der Vermessungstechnik - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Same scope |
| 31213 | Berufe in der Vermessungstechnik - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Overlapping, not the same |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 093 | 測量技術者 | Same scope |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources