- O*NET-SOC code
- 19-1029.03
Research and study the inheritance of traits at the molecular, organism or population level. May evaluate or treat patients with genetic disorders.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.245
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.40
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only24 rated tasks · 20 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (83.3%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Prepare results of experimental findings for presentation at professional conferences or in scientific journals.19-1029.03 | 0.026236.2 | 0.014319.5 |
Search scientific literature to select and modify methods and procedures most appropriate for genetic research goals.19-1029.03 | 0.011716.2 | 0.012016.4 |
Evaluate genetic data by performing appropriate mathematical or statistical calculations and analyses.19-1029.03 | 0.011415.7 | 0.019927.2 |
Plan or conduct basic genomic and biological research related to areas such as regulation of gene expression, protein interactions, metabolic networks, and nucleic acid or protein complexes.19-1029.03 | 0.00669.1 | 0.00425.7 |
Review, approve, or interpret genetic laboratory results.19-1029.03 | 0.00648.8 | 0.014820.2 |
Create or use statistical models for the analysis of genetic data.19-1029.03 | 0.00628.6 | —0 |
Analyze determinants responsible for specific inherited traits, and devise methods for altering traits or producing new traits.19-1029.03 | 0.00395.4 | 0.00486.6 |
Develop protocols to improve existing genetic techniques or to incorporate new diagnostic procedures. | —0 | 0.00172.3 |
Confer with information technology specialists to develop computer applications for genetic data analysis. | —0 | 0.00152.0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 15 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Write grants and papers or attend fundraising events to seek research funds. | —0 | —0 |
Verify that cytogenetic, molecular genetic, and related equipment and instrumentation is maintained in working condition to ensure accuracy and quality of experimental results. | —0 | —0 |
Maintain laboratory safety programs and train personnel in laboratory safety techniques. | —0 | —0 |
Design and maintain genetics computer databases. | —0 | —0 |
Collaborate with biologists and other professionals to conduct appropriate genetic and biochemical analyses. | —0 | —0 |
Attend clinical and research conferences and read scientific literature to keep abreast of technological advances and current genetic research findings. | —0 | —0 |
Supervise or direct the work of other geneticists, biologists, technicians, or biometricians working on genetics research projects. | —0 | —0 |
Maintain laboratory notebooks that record research methods, procedures, and results. | —0 | —0 |
Extract deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or perform diagnostic tests involving processes such as gel electrophoresis, Southern blot analysis, and polymerase chain reaction analysis. | —0 | —0 |
Design sampling plans or coordinate the field collection of samples such as tissue specimens. | —0 | —0 |
Plan curatorial programs for species collections that include acquisition, distribution, maintenance, or regeneration. | —0 | —0 |
Participate in the development of endangered species breeding programs or species survival plans. | —0 | —0 |
Instruct medical students, graduate students, or others in methods or procedures for diagnosis and management of genetic disorders. | —0 | —0 |
Evaluate, diagnose, or treat genetic diseases. | —0 | —0 |
Conduct family medical studies to evaluate the genetic basis for traits or diseases. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Write grants and papers or attend fundraising events to seek research funds.O*NET Task ID 16817 | 1.0 |
Design and maintain genetics computer databases.O*NET Task ID 16824 | 1.0 |
Confer with information technology specialists to develop computer applications for genetic data analysis.O*NET Task ID 16825 | 1.0 |
Maintain laboratory notebooks that record research methods, procedures, and results.O*NET Task ID 16832 | 1.0 |
Create or use statistical models for the analysis of genetic data.O*NET Task ID 16837 | 1.0 |
Plan curatorial programs for species collections that include acquisition, distribution, maintenance, or regeneration.O*NET Task ID 16819 | 0.5 |
Participate in the development of endangered species breeding programs or species survival plans.O*NET Task ID 16820 | 0.5 |
Instruct medical students, graduate students, or others in methods or procedures for diagnosis and management of genetic disorders.O*NET Task ID 16822 | 0.5 |
Evaluate, diagnose, or treat genetic diseases.O*NET Task ID 16823 | 0.5 |
Collaborate with biologists and other professionals to conduct appropriate genetic and biochemical analyses.O*NET Task ID 16826 | 0.5 |
Attend clinical and research conferences and read scientific literature to keep abreast of technological advances and current genetic research findings.O*NET Task ID 16827 | 0.5 |
Supervise or direct the work of other geneticists, biologists, technicians, or biometricians working on genetics research projects.O*NET Task ID 16828 | 0.5 |
Review, approve, or interpret genetic laboratory results.O*NET Task ID 16829 | 0.5 |
Search scientific literature to select and modify methods and procedures most appropriate for genetic research goals.O*NET Task ID 16830 | 0.5 |
Prepare results of experimental findings for presentation at professional conferences or in scientific journals.O*NET Task ID 16831 | 0.5 |
Evaluate genetic data by performing appropriate mathematical or statistical calculations and analyses.O*NET Task ID 16834 | 0.5 |
Develop protocols to improve existing genetic techniques or to incorporate new diagnostic procedures.O*NET Task ID 16835 | 0.5 |
Conduct family medical studies to evaluate the genetic basis for traits or diseases.O*NET Task ID 16838 | 0.5 |
Plan or conduct basic genomic and biological research related to areas such as regulation of gene expression, protein interactions, metabolic networks, and nucleic acid or protein complexes.O*NET Task ID 16839 | 0.5 |
Analyze determinants responsible for specific inherited traits, and devise methods for altering traits or producing new traits.O*NET Task ID 16840 | 0.5 |
Verify that cytogenetic, molecular genetic, and related equipment and instrumentation is maintained in working condition to ensure accuracy and quality of experimental results.O*NET Task ID 16818 | 0.0 |
Maintain laboratory safety programs and train personnel in laboratory safety techniques.O*NET Task ID 16821 | 0.0 |
Extract deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or perform diagnostic tests involving processes such as gel electrophoresis, Southern blot analysis, and polymerase chain reaction analysis.O*NET Task ID 16833 | 0.0 |
Design sampling plans or coordinate the field collection of samples such as tissue specimens.O*NET Task ID 16836 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (24)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Write grants and papers or attend fundraising events to seek research funds. | Core |
| Verify that cytogenetic, molecular genetic, and related equipment and instrumentation is maintained in working condition to ensure accuracy and quality of experimental results. | Core |
| Maintain laboratory safety programs and train personnel in laboratory safety techniques. | Core |
| Instruct medical students, graduate students, or others in methods or procedures for diagnosis and management of genetic disorders. | Core |
| Confer with information technology specialists to develop computer applications for genetic data analysis. | Core |
| Collaborate with biologists and other professionals to conduct appropriate genetic and biochemical analyses. | Core |
| Attend clinical and research conferences and read scientific literature to keep abreast of technological advances and current genetic research findings. | Core |
| Supervise or direct the work of other geneticists, biologists, technicians, or biometricians working on genetics research projects. | Core |
| Review, approve, or interpret genetic laboratory results. | Core |
| Search scientific literature to select and modify methods and procedures most appropriate for genetic research goals. | Core |
| Prepare results of experimental findings for presentation at professional conferences or in scientific journals. | Core |
| Maintain laboratory notebooks that record research methods, procedures, and results. | Core |
| Extract deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or perform diagnostic tests involving processes such as gel electrophoresis, Southern blot analysis, and polymerase chain reaction analysis. | Core |
| Evaluate genetic data by performing appropriate mathematical or statistical calculations and analyses. | Core |
| Develop protocols to improve existing genetic techniques or to incorporate new diagnostic procedures. | Core |
| Design sampling plans or coordinate the field collection of samples such as tissue specimens. | Core |
| Create or use statistical models for the analysis of genetic data. | Core |
| Plan or conduct basic genomic and biological research related to areas such as regulation of gene expression, protein interactions, metabolic networks, and nucleic acid or protein complexes. | Core |
| Analyze determinants responsible for specific inherited traits, and devise methods for altering traits or producing new traits. | Core |
| Plan curatorial programs for species collections that include acquisition, distribution, maintenance, or regeneration. | Supplemental |
| Participate in the development of endangered species breeding programs or species survival plans. | Supplemental |
| Evaluate, diagnose, or treat genetic diseases. | Supplemental |
| Design and maintain genetics computer databases. | Supplemental |
| Conduct family medical studies to evaluate the genetic basis for traits or diseases. | Supplemental |
0.19/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Extract deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or perform diagnostic tests involving processes such as gel electrophoresis, Southern blot analysis, and polymerase chain reaction analysis. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Develop protocols to improve existing genetic techniques or to incorporate new diagnostic procedures. | E0 none |
| Plan or conduct basic genomic and biological research related to areas such as regulation of gene expression, protein interactions, metabolic networks, and nucleic acid or protein complexes. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
Values for the whole SOC 19-1029 group (Biological scientists, all other), not for this O*NET occupation alone.
- Employment, 2025
- 60K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 62K
- Change (2025–35)
- +4.7%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $98,920
- Typical education needed for entry
- Bachelor's degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21111 | 생물학 연구원 | This occupation is narrower | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2131Biologists, Botanists, Zoologists and Related Professionals
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Biologists, botanists, zoologists and related professionals study living organisms and their interactions with each other and with the environment, and apply this knowledge to solve human health and environmental problems. They work in diverse fields such as botany, zoology, ecology, marine biology, genetics, immunology, pharmacology, toxicology, physiology, bacteriology and virology.
Tasks
- (a) undertaking research in laboratories and in the field to increase scientific knowledge of living organisms; to discover new information; to test hypotheses; to solve problems in areas such as the environment, agriculture and health; and to develop new products, processes and techniques for pharmaceutical, agricultural and environmental use;
- (b) designing and conducting experiments and tests;
- (c) gathering human, animal, insect and plant specimens and data, and studying their origin, development, chemical and physical form, structure, composition, and life and reproductive processes;
- (d) examining living organisms using a variety of specialised equipment, instruments, technologies and techniques such as electron microscopes, telemetry, global positioning systems, biotechnology, satellite imaging, genetic engineering, digital imaging analysis, polymerase chain reaction and computer modelling;
- (e) identifying, classifying, recording and monitoring living organisms and maintaining databases;
- (f) writing scientific papers and reports detailing research and any new findings which are then made available to the scientific community in scientific journals or at conferences for scrutiny and further debate;
- (g) designing and carrying out environmental impact assessments to identify changes caused by natural or human factors;
- (h) providing advice to governments, organizations and businesses in areas such as conservation, management of natural resources, the effects of climate change and pollution.
Example occupations
Animal behaviourist · Bacteriologist · Biochemist · Biologist · Biomedical researcher · Biotechnologist · Botanist · Cell geneticist · Marine biologist · Microbiologist · Molecular biologist · Molecular geneticist · Pharmacologist · Zoologist
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- geneticistESCO 2131.4.8Same scope
Geneticists study and focus their research on genetics. They analyse the fashion in which genes interact, operate, and inherit traits and characteristics. Based on their research, they attend patients with inherited diseases and conditions, congenital malformations, and genetic matters at large.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| K2402 | Ingénieur / Ingénieure de recherche scientifique | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| K1214 | Conseiller / Conseillère en génétique | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2421 | Biólogos, botánicos, zoólogos y afines | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 41284 | Berufe in der Biologie (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrower |
| 41274 | Berufe in der Biologie (Humanbiologie) - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
| 81484 | Ärzte/Ärztinnen (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 051 | 自然科学系研究者 | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 121 | 医師 | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources