- O*NET-SOC code
- 19-1029.04
Research or study basic principles of plant and animal life, such as origin, relationship, development, anatomy, and functions.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.245
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.40
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only22 rated tasks · 18 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (81.8%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Tasks of O*NET-SOC 2010 occupation 19-1020.01 Biologists, linked to this occupation by the O*NET-SOC 2010 to 2019 crosswalk
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Study basic principles of plant and animal life, such as origin, relationship, development, anatomy, and function.19-1020.01 | 0.096877.5 |
Study aquatic plants and animals and environmental conditions affecting them, such as radioactivity or pollution.19-1020.01 | 0.015512.4 |
Teach or supervise students and perform research at universities and colleges.19-1020.01 | 0.00635.0 |
Study reactions of plants, animals, and marine species to parasites.19-1020.01 | 0.00423.3 |
Prepare requests for proposals or statements of work.19-1020.01 | 0.00221.8 |
| Not observed on any surface — 17 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | |
Develop and maintain liaisons and effective working relations with groups and individuals, agencies, and the public to encourage cooperative management strategies or to develop information and interpret findings. | —0 |
Program and use computers to store, process, and analyze data. | —0 |
Collect and analyze biological data about relationships among and between organisms and their environment. | —0 |
Represent employer in a technical capacity at conferences. | —0 |
Supervise biological technicians and technologists and other scientists. | —0 |
Prepare technical and research reports, such as environmental impact reports, and communicate the results to individuals in industry, government, or the general public. | —0 |
Communicate test results to state and federal representatives and general public. | —0 |
Identify, classify, and study structure, behavior, ecology, physiology, nutrition, culture, and distribution of plant and animal species. | —0 |
Plan and administer biological research programs for government, research firms, medical industries, or manufacturing firms. | —0 |
Research environmental effects of present and potential uses of land and water areas, determining methods of improving environmental conditions or such outputs as crop yields. | —0 |
Measure salinity, acidity, light, oxygen content, and other physical conditions of water to determine their relationship to aquatic life. | —0 |
Study and manage wild animal populations. | —0 |
Cultivate, breed, and grow aquatic life, such as lobsters, clams, or fish. | —0 |
Prepare plans for management of renewable resources. | —0 |
Develop methods and apparatus for securing representative plant, animal, aquatic, or soil samples. | —0 |
Develop pest management and control measures, and conduct risk assessments related to pest exclusion, using scientific methods. | —0 |
Review reports and proposals, such as those relating to land use classifications and recreational development, for accuracy, adequacy, or adherence to policies, regulations, or scientific standards. | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Program and use computers to store, process, and analyze data.O*NET Task ID 174 | 1.0 |
Communicate test results to state and federal representatives and general public.O*NET Task ID 177 | 1.0 |
Prepare requests for proposals or statements of work.O*NET Task ID 189 | 1.0 |
Write grant proposals to obtain funding for biological research.O*NET Task ID 21035 | 1.0 |
Collect and analyze biological data about relationships among and between organisms and their environment.O*NET Task ID 175 | 0.5 |
Study aquatic plants and animals and environmental conditions affecting them, such as radioactivity or pollution.O*NET Task ID 176 | 0.5 |
Identify, classify, and study structure, behavior, ecology, physiology, nutrition, culture, and distribution of plant and animal species.O*NET Task ID 178 | 0.5 |
Plan and administer biological research programs for government, research firms, medical industries, or manufacturing firms.O*NET Task ID 181 | 0.5 |
Research environmental effects of present and potential uses of land and water areas, determining methods of improving environmental conditions or such outputs as crop yields.O*NET Task ID 182 | 0.5 |
Measure salinity, acidity, light, oxygen content, and other physical conditions of water to determine their relationship to aquatic life.O*NET Task ID 184 | 0.5 |
Teach or supervise students and perform research at universities and colleges.O*NET Task ID 185 | 0.5 |
Study basic principles of plant and animal life, such as origin, relationship, development, anatomy, and function.O*NET Task ID 187 | 0.5 |
Study and manage wild animal populations.O*NET Task ID 188 | 0.5 |
Prepare plans for management of renewable resources.O*NET Task ID 191 | 0.5 |
Study reactions of plants, animals, and marine species to parasites.O*NET Task ID 193 | 0.5 |
Develop pest management and control measures, and conduct risk assessments related to pest exclusion, using scientific methods.O*NET Task ID 194 | 0.5 |
Prepare technical and research reports, such as environmental impact reports, and communicate the results to individuals in industry, government, or the general public.O*NET Task ID 18613 | 0.5 |
Review reports and proposals, such as those relating to land use classifications and recreational development, for accuracy, adequacy, or adherence to policies, regulations, or scientific standards.O*NET Task ID 18614 | 0.5 |
Develop and maintain liaisons and effective working relations with groups and individuals, agencies, and the public to encourage cooperative management strategies or to develop information and interpret findings.O*NET Task ID 173 | 0.0 |
Represent employer in a technical capacity at conferences.O*NET Task ID 180 | 0.0 |
Supervise biological technicians and technologists and other scientists.O*NET Task ID 186 | 0.0 |
Develop methods and apparatus for securing representative plant, animal, aquatic, or soil samples.O*NET Task ID 192 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (22)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Develop and maintain liaisons and effective working relations with groups and individuals, agencies, and the public to encourage cooperative management strategies or to develop information and interpret findings. | Core |
| Program and use computers to store, process, and analyze data. | Core |
| Collect and analyze biological data about relationships among and between organisms and their environment. | Core |
| Communicate test results to state and federal representatives and general public. | Core |
| Identify, classify, and study structure, behavior, ecology, physiology, nutrition, culture, and distribution of plant and animal species. | Core |
| Represent employer in a technical capacity at conferences. | Core |
| Teach or supervise students and perform research at universities and colleges. | Core |
| Supervise biological technicians and technologists and other scientists. | Core |
| Study basic principles of plant and animal life, such as origin, relationship, development, anatomy, and function. | Core |
| Prepare requests for proposals or statements of work. | Core |
| Prepare technical and research reports, such as environmental impact reports, and communicate the results to individuals in industry, government, or the general public. | Core |
| Review reports and proposals, such as those relating to land use classifications and recreational development, for accuracy, adequacy, or adherence to policies, regulations, or scientific standards. | Core |
| Write grant proposals to obtain funding for biological research. | Core |
| Study aquatic plants and animals and environmental conditions affecting them, such as radioactivity or pollution. | Supplemental |
| Plan and administer biological research programs for government, research firms, medical industries, or manufacturing firms. | Supplemental |
| Research environmental effects of present and potential uses of land and water areas, determining methods of improving environmental conditions or such outputs as crop yields. | Supplemental |
| Measure salinity, acidity, light, oxygen content, and other physical conditions of water to determine their relationship to aquatic life. | Supplemental |
| Study and manage wild animal populations. | Supplemental |
| Prepare plans for management of renewable resources. | Supplemental |
| Develop methods and apparatus for securing representative plant, animal, aquatic, or soil samples. | Supplemental |
| Study reactions of plants, animals, and marine species to parasites. | Supplemental |
| Develop pest management and control measures, and conduct risk assessments related to pest exclusion, using scientific methods. | Supplemental |
0.48/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Collect and analyze biological data about relationships among and between organisms and their environment. | E2 structured facilities |
| Identify, classify, and study structure, behavior, ecology, physiology, nutrition, culture, and distribution of plant and animal species. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Study basic principles of plant and animal life, such as origin, relationship, development, anatomy, and function. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Develop methods and apparatus for securing representative plant, animal, aquatic, or soil samples. | E0 none |
| Measure salinity, acidity, light, oxygen content, and other physical conditions of water to determine their relationship to aquatic life. | E2 structured facilities |
| Teach or supervise students and perform research at universities and colleges. | E0 none |
| Study and manage wild animal populations. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
Values for the whole SOC 19-1029 group (Biological scientists, all other), not for this O*NET occupation alone.
- Employment, 2025
- 60K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 62K
- Change (2025–35)
- +4.7%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $98,920
- Typical education needed for entry
- Bachelor's degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21111 | 생물학 연구원 | Same scope | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2131Biologists, Botanists, Zoologists and Related Professionals
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Biologists, botanists, zoologists and related professionals study living organisms and their interactions with each other and with the environment, and apply this knowledge to solve human health and environmental problems. They work in diverse fields such as botany, zoology, ecology, marine biology, genetics, immunology, pharmacology, toxicology, physiology, bacteriology and virology.
Tasks
- (a) undertaking research in laboratories and in the field to increase scientific knowledge of living organisms; to discover new information; to test hypotheses; to solve problems in areas such as the environment, agriculture and health; and to develop new products, processes and techniques for pharmaceutical, agricultural and environmental use;
- (b) designing and conducting experiments and tests;
- (c) gathering human, animal, insect and plant specimens and data, and studying their origin, development, chemical and physical form, structure, composition, and life and reproductive processes;
- (d) examining living organisms using a variety of specialised equipment, instruments, technologies and techniques such as electron microscopes, telemetry, global positioning systems, biotechnology, satellite imaging, genetic engineering, digital imaging analysis, polymerase chain reaction and computer modelling;
- (e) identifying, classifying, recording and monitoring living organisms and maintaining databases;
- (f) writing scientific papers and reports detailing research and any new findings which are then made available to the scientific community in scientific journals or at conferences for scrutiny and further debate;
- (g) designing and carrying out environmental impact assessments to identify changes caused by natural or human factors;
- (h) providing advice to governments, organizations and businesses in areas such as conservation, management of natural resources, the effects of climate change and pollution.
Example occupations
Animal behaviourist · Bacteriologist · Biochemist · Biologist · Biomedical researcher · Biotechnologist · Botanist · Cell geneticist · Marine biologist · Microbiologist · Molecular biologist · Molecular geneticist · Pharmacologist · Zoologist
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- biologistESCO 2131.4Same scope
Biologists study living organisms and life in its broader extent in combination with its environment. Through research, they strive to explain the functional mechanisms, interactions, and evolution of organisms.
- aquaculture biologistESCO 2131.4.1This occupation is broader
Aquaculture biologists apply knowledge gained from research about aquatic animals and plant life and their interactions with each other and the environment, in order to improve aquaculture production, prevent animal health and environmental problems and to provide solutions if necessary.
- biophysicistESCO 2131.4.4This occupation is broader
Biophysicists study the existing relation between living organisms and physics. They conduct research on living organisms based on the methods of physics that aim to explain the complexity of life, predict patterns, and draw conclusions about aspects of life. Biophysicists' research fields cover DNA, proteins, molecules, cells, and environments.
- microbiologistESCO 2131.4.9This occupation is broader
Microbiologists study and research the life forms, characteristics, and processes of microscopic organisms. They study microorganisms such as bacteria, protozoa, fungi, etc. in order to diagnose and counteract the effects that these microorganisms might have in animals, in the environment, in the food industry, or in the health care industry.
- bioinformatics scientistESCO 2131.3Overlapping, not the same
Bioinformatics scientists analyse biological processes using computer programmes. They maintain or construct databases containing biological information. Bioinformatics scientists gather and analyse biological data and may also assist scientists in various fields, including in biotechnology and pharmaceutics. They perform scientific research and statistical analyses, and report on their findings. Bioinformatics scientists may also collect DNA samples, discover data patterns and conduct genetic research.
- biology technicianESCO 3141.2.3Overlapping, not the same
Biology technicians provide technical assistance in researching and analysing the relationship between living organisms and their environment. They use laboratory equipment to examine organic substances such as bodily fluids, medicines, plants and food. They collect and analyse data for experiments, compile reports and maintain laboratory stock.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| K2413 | Chercheur / Chercheuse des écosystèmes | This occupation is broader |
| K2412 | Chercheur / Chercheuse du monde aquatique | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| K2420 | Chercheur / Chercheuse du monde forestier | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| K2402 | Ingénieur / Ingénieure de recherche scientifique | Overlapping, not the same |
| F1142 | Océanographe | Related, not a match |
| K2417 | Chercheur / Chercheuse du monde marin | Related, not a match |
| K2419 | Botaniste | Related, not a match |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2421 | Biólogos, botánicos, zoólogos y afines | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 41204 | Berufe in der Biologie (ohne Spezialisierung) - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Same scope |
| 41203 | Berufe in der Biologie (ohne Spezialisierung) - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 41244 | Berufe in der Biologie (Botanik) - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 051 | 自然科学系研究者 | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources