- O*NET-SOC code
- 19-2011.00
Observe, research, and interpret astronomical phenomena to increase basic knowledge or apply such information to practical problems.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.385
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.38
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only17 rated tasks · 14 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (82.4%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Analyze research data to determine its significance, using computers.19-2011.00 | 0.035533.5 | 0.063371.5 |
Study celestial phenomena, using a variety of ground-based and space-borne telescopes and scientific instruments.19-2011.00 | 0.015314.5 | 0.00718.0 |
Calculate orbits and determine sizes, shapes, brightness, and motions of different celestial bodies.19-2011.00 | 0.014313.5 | —0 |
Develop instrumentation and software for astronomical observation and analysis.19-2011.00 | 0.011811.2 | 0.00293.2 |
Review scientific proposals and research papers.19-2011.00 | 0.011410.8 | 0.00879.8 |
Develop theories based on personal observations or on observations and theories of other astronomers.19-2011.00 | 0.00989.3 | 0.00343.8 |
Develop and modify astronomy-related programs for public presentation.19-2011.00 | 0.00777.2 | 0.00323.6 |
| Not observed on any surface — 7 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Present research findings at scientific conferences and in papers written for scientific journals. | —0 | —0 |
Measure radio, infrared, gamma, and x-ray emissions from extraterrestrial sources. | —0 | —0 |
Raise funds for scientific research. | —0 | —0 |
Collaborate with other astronomers to carry out research projects. | —0 | —0 |
Teach astronomy or astrophysics. | —0 | —0 |
Serve on professional panels and committees. | —0 | —0 |
Direct the operations of a planetarium. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Review scientific proposals and research papers.O*NET Task ID 20049 | 1.0 |
Study celestial phenomena, using a variety of ground-based and space-borne telescopes and scientific instruments.O*NET Task ID 7524 | 0.5 |
Analyze research data to determine its significance, using computers.O*NET Task ID 7525 | 0.5 |
Present research findings at scientific conferences and in papers written for scientific journals.O*NET Task ID 7526 | 0.5 |
Develop theories based on personal observations or on observations and theories of other astronomers.O*NET Task ID 7528 | 0.5 |
Raise funds for scientific research.O*NET Task ID 7529 | 0.5 |
Collaborate with other astronomers to carry out research projects.O*NET Task ID 7530 | 0.5 |
Develop instrumentation and software for astronomical observation and analysis.O*NET Task ID 7531 | 0.5 |
Teach astronomy or astrophysics.O*NET Task ID 7532 | 0.5 |
Develop and modify astronomy-related programs for public presentation.O*NET Task ID 7533 | 0.5 |
Calculate orbits and determine sizes, shapes, brightness, and motions of different celestial bodies.O*NET Task ID 7534 | 0.5 |
Direct the operations of a planetarium.O*NET Task ID 7535 | 0.5 |
Supervise students' research on celestial and astronomical phenomena.O*NET Task ID 21172 | 0.5 |
Conduct question-and-answer presentations on astronomy topics with public audiences.O*NET Task ID 21173 | 0.5 |
Measure radio, infrared, gamma, and x-ray emissions from extraterrestrial sources.O*NET Task ID 7527 | 0.0 |
Serve on professional panels and committees.O*NET Task ID 20050 | 0.0 |
Mentor graduate students and junior colleagues.O*NET Task ID 21171 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (17)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Study celestial phenomena, using a variety of ground-based and space-borne telescopes and scientific instruments. | Core |
| Analyze research data to determine its significance, using computers. | Core |
| Present research findings at scientific conferences and in papers written for scientific journals. | Core |
| Measure radio, infrared, gamma, and x-ray emissions from extraterrestrial sources. | Core |
| Develop theories based on personal observations or on observations and theories of other astronomers. | Core |
| Raise funds for scientific research. | Core |
| Collaborate with other astronomers to carry out research projects. | Core |
| Develop instrumentation and software for astronomical observation and analysis. | Core |
| Teach astronomy or astrophysics. | Core |
| Develop and modify astronomy-related programs for public presentation. | Core |
| Calculate orbits and determine sizes, shapes, brightness, and motions of different celestial bodies. | Core |
| Review scientific proposals and research papers. | Core |
| Serve on professional panels and committees. | Core |
| Mentor graduate students and junior colleagues. | Core |
| Supervise students' research on celestial and astronomical phenomena. | Core |
| Conduct question-and-answer presentations on astronomy topics with public audiences. | Core |
| Direct the operations of a planetarium. | Supplemental |
0.00/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Develop instrumentation and software for astronomical observation and analysis. | E0 none |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 2K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 3K
- Change (2025–35)
- +7.8%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $128,820
- Typical education needed for entry
- Doctoral or professional degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21125 | 천문 및 우주 과학 연구원 | Same scope | confirmed |
| 21334 | 천문 및 우주 과학 시험원 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2111Physicists and Astronomers
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Physicists and astronomers conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories and operational methods concerning matter, space, time, energy, forces and fields and the interrelationship between these physical phenomena. They apply scientific knowledge relating to physics and astronomy in industrial, medical, military or other fields.
Tasks
- (a) conducting research and improving or developing concepts, theories, instrumentation, software and operational methods related to physics and astronomy;
- (b) conducting experiments, tests and analyses on the structure and properties of matter in fields such as mechanics, thermodynamics, electronics, communications, power generation and distribution, aerodynamics, optics and lasers, remote sensing, medicine, sonics, magnetism, and nuclear physics;
- (c) evaluating results of investigations and experiments and expressing conclusions, mainly using mathematical techniques and models;
- (d) applying principles, techniques and processes to develop or improve industrial, medical, military and other practical applications of the principles and techniques of physics or astronomy;
- (e) ensuring the safe and effective delivery of radiation (ionising and non-ionising) to patients to achieve a diagnostic or therapeutic result as prescribed by a medical practitioner;
- (f) ensuring the accurate measurement and characterization of physical quantities used in medical applications;
- (g) testing, commissioning and evaluating equipment used in applications such as imaging, medical treatment and dosimetry;
- (h) advising and consulting with medical practitioners and other health care professionals in optimizing the balance between the beneficial and deleterious effects of radiation;
- (i) observing, analysing and interpreting celestial phenomena and developing methods, numerical models and techniques to extend knowledge of fields such as navigation, satellite communication, space exploration, celestial bodies and cosmic radiation;
- (j) developing, implementing and maintaining standards and protocols for the measurement of physical phenomena and for the use of nuclear technology in industrial and medical applications;
- (k) preparing scientific papers and reports.
Example occupations
Astronomer · Medical Physicist · Nuclear Physicist · Physicist
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- astronomerESCO 2111.1Same scope
Astronomers research the formation, structures, properties, and development of celestial bodies and interstellar matter. They use ground-based equipment and space-based equipment to collect data about the space for research purposes.
- cosmologistESCO 2111.2Overlapping, not the same
Cosmologists focus on the study of the universe as a whole, which is made up by its origin, evolution and ultimate fate. They use tools and scientific instruments to observe and study other galaxies and astronomical objects such as stars, black holes, planets and other celestial bodies.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| K2409 | Astronome | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| K2410 | Astrophysicien / Astrophysicienne | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2411 | Físicos y astrónomos | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 41484 | Berufe in der Physik (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrower |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 051 | 自然科学系研究者 | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources