- O*NET-SOC code
- 19-2031.00
Conduct qualitative and quantitative chemical analyses or experiments in laboratories for quality or process control or to develop new products or knowledge.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.261
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.39
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only13 rated tasks · 9 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (69.2%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- 1 rated task is not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; its score is kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Analyze organic or inorganic compounds to determine chemical or physical properties, composition, structure, relationships, or reactions, using chromatography, spectroscopy, or spectrophotometry techniques.19-2031.00 | 0.167090.4 | 0.084695.9 |
Study effects of various methods of processing, preserving, or packaging on composition or properties of foods.19-2031.00 | 0.00744.0 | 0.00161.9 |
Induce changes in composition of substances by introducing heat, light, energy, or chemical catalysts for quantitative or qualitative analysis.19-2031.00 | 0.00553.0 | —0 |
Confer with scientists or engineers to conduct analyses of research projects, interpret test results, or develop nonstandard tests.19-2031.00 | 0.00482.6 | 0.00202.2 |
| Not observed on any surface — 9 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Develop, improve, or customize products, equipment, formulas, processes, or analytical methods. | —0 | —0 |
Compile and analyze test information to determine process or equipment operating efficiency or to diagnose malfunctions. | —0 | —0 |
Direct, coordinate, or advise personnel in test procedures for analyzing components or physical properties of materials. | —0 | —0 |
Write technical papers or reports or prepare standards and specifications for processes, facilities, products, or tests. | —0 | —0 |
Prepare test solutions, compounds, or reagents for laboratory personnel to conduct tests. | —0 | —0 |
Maintain laboratory instruments to ensure proper working order and troubleshoot malfunctions when needed. | —0 | —0 |
Conduct quality control tests. | —0 | —0 |
Evaluate laboratory safety procedures to ensure compliance with standards or to make improvements as needed. | —0 | —0 |
Purchase laboratory supplies, such as chemicals, when supplies are low or near their expiration date. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Write technical papers or reports or prepare standards and specifications for processes, facilities, products, or tests.O*NET Task ID 1511 | 1.0 |
Analyze organic or inorganic compounds to determine chemical or physical properties, composition, structure, relationships, or reactions, using chromatography, spectroscopy, or spectrophotometry techniques.O*NET Task ID 1505 | 0.5 |
Develop, improve, or customize products, equipment, formulas, processes, or analytical methods.O*NET Task ID 1506 | 0.5 |
Compile and analyze test information to determine process or equipment operating efficiency or to diagnose malfunctions.O*NET Task ID 1507 | 0.5 |
Confer with scientists or engineers to conduct analyses of research projects, interpret test results, or develop nonstandard tests.O*NET Task ID 1508 | 0.5 |
Direct, coordinate, or advise personnel in test procedures for analyzing components or physical properties of materials.O*NET Task ID 1509 | 0.5 |
Study effects of various methods of processing, preserving, or packaging on composition or properties of foods.O*NET Task ID 1512 | 0.5 |
Evaluate laboratory safety procedures to ensure compliance with standards or to make improvements as needed.O*NET Task ID 20388 | 0.5 |
Purchase laboratory supplies, such as chemicals, when supplies are low or near their expiration date.O*NET Task ID 20389 | 0.5 |
Induce changes in composition of substances by introducing heat, light, energy, or chemical catalysts for quantitative or qualitative analysis.O*NET Task ID 1510 | 0.0 |
Prepare test solutions, compounds, or reagents for laboratory personnel to conduct tests.O*NET Task ID 1513 | 0.0 |
Maintain laboratory instruments to ensure proper working order and troubleshoot malfunctions when needed.O*NET Task ID 18474 | 0.0 |
Conduct quality control tests.O*NET Task ID 18475 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (12)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Analyze organic or inorganic compounds to determine chemical or physical properties, composition, structure, relationships, or reactions, using chromatography, spectroscopy, or spectrophotometry techniques. | Core |
| Develop, improve, or customize products, equipment, formulas, processes, or analytical methods. | Core |
| Compile and analyze test information to determine process or equipment operating efficiency or to diagnose malfunctions. | Core |
| Confer with scientists or engineers to conduct analyses of research projects, interpret test results, or develop nonstandard tests. | Core |
| Direct, coordinate, or advise personnel in test procedures for analyzing components or physical properties of materials. | Core |
| Induce changes in composition of substances by introducing heat, light, energy, or chemical catalysts for quantitative or qualitative analysis. | Core |
| Write technical papers or reports or prepare standards and specifications for processes, facilities, products, or tests. | Core |
| Prepare test solutions, compounds, or reagents for laboratory personnel to conduct tests. | Core |
| Maintain laboratory instruments to ensure proper working order and troubleshoot malfunctions when needed. | Core |
| Conduct quality control tests. | Core |
| Evaluate laboratory safety procedures to ensure compliance with standards or to make improvements as needed. | Core |
| Purchase laboratory supplies, such as chemicals, when supplies are low or near their expiration date. | Core |
0.95/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Analyze organic or inorganic compounds to determine chemical or physical properties, composition, structure, relationships, or reactions, using chromatography, spectroscopy, or spectrophotometry techniques. | E2 structured facilities |
| Develop, improve, or customize products, equipment, formulas, processes, or analytical methods. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Induce changes in composition of substances by introducing heat, light, energy, or chemical catalysts for quantitative or qualitative analysis. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Prepare test solutions, compounds, or reagents for laboratory personnel to conduct tests. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Maintain laboratory instruments to ensure proper working order and troubleshoot malfunctions when needed. | E0 none |
| Conduct quality control tests. | E2 structured facilities |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 85K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 90K
- Change (2025–35)
- +6.4%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $91,240
- Typical education needed for entry
- Bachelor's degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21122 | 화학 연구원 | Same scope | confirmed |
| 23215 | 화장품‧비누제품 기술자 및 연구원 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2113Chemists
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Chemists conduct research, improve or develop concepts, theories and operational methods, or apply scientific knowledge relating to chemistry, to develop new knowledge or products and for quality and process control.
Tasks
- (a) conducting research and improving or developing concepts, instruments, theories and operational methods related to chemistry;
- (b) conducting experiments, tests and analyses to investigate chemical composition and energy and chemical changes in various natural or synthetic substances, materials and products;
- (c) developing procedures for environmental control, quality control and various other procedures for manufacturers or users;
- (d) conducting programmes of sample and data collection and analysis to identify and quantify environmental toxicants;
- (e) participating in interdisciplinary research and development projects working with chemical engineers, biologists, microbiologists, agronomists, geologists or other professionals;
- (f) using micro-organisms to convert substances into new compounds;
- (g) determining ways to strengthen or combine materials or develop new materials.
- (h) reproducing and synthesizing naturally occurring substances and creating new artificial substances;
- (i) preparing scientific papers and reports.
Example occupations
Chemist
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- chemistESCO 2113.1Same scope
Chemists perform laboratory research by testing and analysing the chemical structure of substances.They translate the research results into industrial production processes which are further used in the development or improvement of products. Chemists are also testing the quality of the manufactured products and their environmental impact.
- chemical application specialistESCO 2113.1.2This occupation is broader
Chemical application specialists develop chemical products according to the needs and expectation of the clients. They conduct development of formulas and processes of formulation as well as evaluation of the efficiency and performances of the formulations.
- cosmetic chemistESCO 2113.1.4This occupation is broader
Cosmetic chemists develop formulas in order to create and test new cosmetic products and improve existing cosmetic products such as perfumes and fragrances, lipstick, waterproof lotions and makeup, hair dye, soaps and detergents with special properties, topical medicines or health supplements.
- textile chemistESCO 2113.1.6This occupation is broader
Textile chemists coordinate and supervise chemical processes for textiles like yarn and fabric forming such as dyeing and finishing.
- biochemistESCO 2131.4.2Overlapping, not the same
Biochemists study and perform research on the reactions caused by chemicals in living organisms. This includes performing research for the development or improvement of chemical-based products (e.g. medicine) aimed at improving the health of living organisms and at better understanding their reactions.
- biochemistry technicianESCO 3141.2.2Overlapping, not the same
Biochemistry technicians provide technical assistance in researching, analysing and testing the reactions caused by chemicals in living organisms. They use laboratory equipment to help develop or improve chemical-based products and also collect and analyse data for experiments, compile reports and maintain laboratory stock.
- chemical engineerESCO 2145.1Overlapping, not the same
Chemical engineers design and develop large-scale chemical and physical production processes and are involved in the entire industrial process required for transforming raw materials into products.
- chemical engineering technicianESCO 3116.1Overlapping, not the same
Chemical engineering technicians transform raw materials in order to develop and test chemical products. They also work on improving chemical plant operations and processes.
- chemistry technicianESCO 3111.1Overlapping, not the same
Chemistry technicians monitor chemical processes and conduct tests to analyse chemical substances for manufacturing or scientific purposes. They work in laboratories or production facilities where they assist chemists in their work. Chemistry technicians perform laboratory activities, test chemical substances, analyse data and report about their work.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| H1220 | Responsable formulation en industrie pharmaceutique | This occupation is broader |
| H1503 | Technicien / Technicienne de laboratoire d'analyse industrielle | Overlapping, not the sameprovisional |
| H1501 | Responsable de laboratoire d'analyse industrielle | Related, not a match |
| H1206 | Ingénieur / Ingénieure R&D en industrie | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| H1505 | Nez | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| K2402 | Ingénieur / Ingénieure de recherche scientifique | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2413 | Químicos | Same scope |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 41303 | Berufe in der Chemie (ohne Spezialisierung) - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | This occupation is broader |
| 41304 | Berufe in der Chemie (ohne Spezialisierung) - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | This occupation is broader |
| 41384 | Berufe in der Chemie (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | This occupation is broader |
| 41383 | Berufe in der Chemie (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 41324 | Berufe im chemisch-technischen Laboratorium - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 051 | 自然科学系研究者 | Related, not a match |
| 077 | 化学技術者（開発） | Related, not a match |
| 087 | 化学技術者（開発を除く） | Related, not a match |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources