- O*NET-SOC code
- 19-3011.00
Conduct research, prepare reports, or formulate plans to address economic problems related to the production and distribution of goods and services or monetary and fiscal policy. May collect and process economic and statistical data using sampling techniques and econometric methods.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.242
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.55
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only13 rated tasks · 13 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (100.0%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Provide advice and consultation on economic relationships to businesses, public and private agencies, and other employers.19-3011.00 | 0.070051.7 | 0.003219.4 |
Compile, analyze, and report data to explain economic phenomena and forecast market trends, applying mathematical models and statistical techniques.19-3011.00 | 0.032924.3 | 0.010966.1 |
Study economic and statistical data in area of specialization, such as finance, labor, or agriculture.19-3011.00 | 0.01128.3 | 0.002414.5 |
Supervise research projects and students' study projects.19-3011.00 | 0.00836.1 | —0 |
Conduct research on economic issues and disseminate research findings through technical reports or scientific articles in journals.19-3011.00 | 0.00715.2 | —0 |
Formulate recommendations, policies, or plans to solve economic problems or to interpret markets.19-3011.00 | 0.00594.4 | —0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 6 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Develop economic guidelines and standards and prepare points of view used in forecasting trends and formulating economic policy. | —0 | —0 |
Testify at regulatory or legislative hearings concerning the estimated effects of changes in legislation or public policy and present recommendations based on cost-benefit analyses. | —0 | —0 |
Forecast production and consumption of renewable resources and supply, consumption and depletion of non-renewable resources. | —0 | —0 |
Teach theories, principles, and methods of economics. | —0 | —0 |
Study the socioeconomic impacts of new public policies, such as proposed legislation, taxes, services, and regulations. | —0 | —0 |
Provide litigation support, such as writing reports for expert testimony or testifying as an expert witness. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Study economic and statistical data in area of specialization, such as finance, labor, or agriculture.O*NET Task ID 7536 | 0.5 |
Provide advice and consultation on economic relationships to businesses, public and private agencies, and other employers.O*NET Task ID 7537 | 0.5 |
Compile, analyze, and report data to explain economic phenomena and forecast market trends, applying mathematical models and statistical techniques.O*NET Task ID 7538 | 0.5 |
Formulate recommendations, policies, or plans to solve economic problems or to interpret markets.O*NET Task ID 7539 | 0.5 |
Develop economic guidelines and standards, and prepare points of view used in forecasting trends and formulating economic policy.O*NET Task ID 7540 | 0.5 |
Testify at regulatory or legislative hearings concerning the estimated effects of changes in legislation or public policy, and present recommendations based on cost-benefit analyses.O*NET Task ID 7541 | 0.5 |
Supervise research projects and students' study projects.O*NET Task ID 7542 | 0.5 |
Forecast production and consumption of renewable resources and supply, consumption, and depletion of non-renewable resources.O*NET Task ID 7543 | 0.5 |
Teach theories, principles, and methods of economics.O*NET Task ID 7544 | 0.5 |
Provide litigation support, such as writing reports for expert testimony or testifying as an expert witness.O*NET Task ID 20051 | 0.5 |
Study the socioeconomic impacts of new public policies, such as proposed legislation, taxes, services, and regulations.O*NET Task ID 20052 | 0.5 |
Conduct research on economic issues, and disseminate research findings through technical reports or scientific articles in journals.O*NET Task ID 20053 | 0.5 |
Explain economic impact of policies to the public.O*NET Task ID 21106 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (14)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Study economic and statistical data in area of specialization, such as finance, labor, or agriculture. | Core |
| Provide advice and consultation on economic relationships to businesses, public and private agencies, and other employers. | Core |
| Compile, analyze, and report data to explain economic phenomena and forecast market trends, applying mathematical models and statistical techniques. | Core |
| Formulate recommendations, policies, or plans to solve economic problems or to interpret markets. | Core |
| Develop economic guidelines and standards, and prepare points of view used in forecasting trends and formulating economic policy. | Core |
| Testify at regulatory or legislative hearings concerning the estimated effects of changes in legislation or public policy, and present recommendations based on cost-benefit analyses. | Core |
| Supervise research projects and students' study projects. | Core |
| Teach theories, principles, and methods of economics. | Core |
| Provide litigation support, such as writing reports for expert testimony or testifying as an expert witness. | Core |
| Study the socioeconomic impacts of new public policies, such as proposed legislation, taxes, services, and regulations. | Core |
| Conduct research on economic issues, and disseminate research findings through technical reports or scientific articles in journals. | Core |
| Explain economic impact of policies to the public. | Core |
| Review documents written by others. | Core |
| Forecast production and consumption of renewable resources and supply, consumption, and depletion of non-renewable resources. | Supplemental |
0.00/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
None of this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks is classified as a physical task.
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
Values for the whole SOC 19-3011 group (Economists), not for this O*NET occupation alone.
- Employment, 2025
- 19K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 20K
- Change (2025–35)
- +4.7%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $124,720
- Typical education needed for entry
- Master's degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21222 | 경제학 연구원 | Same scope | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2631Economists
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Economists conduct research, monitor data, analyse information and prepare reports and plans to resolve economic and business problems and develop models to analyse, explain and forecast economic behaviour and patterns. They provide advice to business, interest groups and governments to formulate solutions to present or projected economic and business problems.
Tasks
- (a) forecasting changes in the economic environment for short-term budgeting, long-term planning and investment evaluation;
- (b) formulating recommendations, policies and plans for the economy, corporate strategies and investment, and undertaking feasibility studies for projects;
- (c) monitoring economic data to assess the effectiveness, and advise on the appropriateness, of monetary and fiscal policies;
- (d) forecasting production and consumption of specific products and services based on records of past production and consumption and general economic and industry-specific conditions;
- (e) preparing forecasts of income and expenditure, interest rates and exchange rates;
- (f) analysing factors that determine labour force participation, employment, wages, unemployment and other labour market outcomes;
- (g) applying mathematical formulae and statistical techniques and apply to test economic theories and devise solutions to economic problems;
- (h) compiling, analysing and interpreting economic data using economic theory and a variety of statistical and other techniques;
- (i) evaluating the outcome of political decisions concerning public economy and finances and advising on economic policy and possible courses of action in the light of past, present and projected economic factors and trends;
- (j) preparing scholarly papers and reports;
- (k) examining problems related to the economic activities of individual companies;
- (l) conducting research on market conditions in local, regional or national areas to set sales and pricing levels for goods and services, to assess market potential and future trends and to develop business strategies.
Example occupations
Econometrician · Economic adviser · Economic analyst · Economist · Labour economist
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- economistESCO 2631.1Same scope
Economists perform research and develop theories in the field of economics, whether for microeconomic or macroeconomic analysis. They study trends, analyse statistical data, and to some extent work with economic mathematical models in order to advise companies, governments, and related institutions. They advise on product feasibility, trend forecasts, emerging markets, tax policies, and consumer trends.
- economic adviserESCO 2631.1.2This occupation is broader
Economic advisers research economic developments and advise on economic problems. They forecast trends and behaviour in economics, and advise on finance, trade, fiscal and other related matters. They advise companies and organisations on techniques to gain economic profit.
- trade development officerESCO 2422.14This occupation is broader
Trade development officers develop and implement trade policies both internally and in international import and export relations. They analyse the domestic and foreign markets in order to promote and establish business operations, and ensure trade proceedings are compliant with legislation and businesses are protected from distortions.
- business economics researcherESCO 2631.1.1Overlapping, not the same
Business economics researchers conduct research on topics regarding economy, organisations, and strategy. They analyse macroeconomic and microeconomic trends and use this information to analyse the positions of industries or specific companies in the economy. They provide advice regarding strategic planning, product feasibility, forecast trends, emerging markets, taxing policies, and consumer trends.
- economic development coordinatorESCO 2631.1.3Overlapping, not the same
Economic development coordinators outline and implement policies for the improvement of a community's, government's or institution's economic growth and stability. They research economic trends and coordinate cooperation between institutions working in economic development. They analyse potential economic risks and conflicts and develop plans to resolve them. Economic development coordinators advise on the economic sustainability of institutions and economic growth.
- economic policy officerESCO 2412.3Overlapping, not the same
Economic policy officers develop economic strategies. They monitor aspects of economics such as competitiveness, innovation and trade. Economic policy officers contribute to the development of economic policies, projects and programs. They research, analyse and assess public policy problems and recommend appropriate actions.
- fiscal affairs policy officerESCO 2422.10.6Overlapping, not the same
Fiscal policy officers research, analyse and develop policies related to taxation and government spending in public policy sectors, and implement these policies to improve the existing regulation around the sector. They work closely with partners, external organisations or other stakeholders and provide them with regular updates.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| M1422 | Directeur / Directrice d'études socio-économiques | This occupation is broader |
| M1224 | Economiste financier / Economiste financière | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| M1408 | Responsable des études pharmaco-économiques en industrie pharmaceutique | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| M1409 | Ingénieur / Ingénieure économiste en entreprise | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| M1403 | Chargé / Chargée d'études socio-économiques | Overlapping, not the sameprovisional |
| C1216 | Rédacteur / Rédactrice Banque de France | Related, not a match |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2810 | Economistas | Same scopeprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 91404 | Berufe in Wirtschaftswissenschaften (ohne Spezialisierung) - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Same scopeprovisional |
| 91484 | Berufe in Wirtschaftswissenschaften (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 052 | 人文・社会科学系等研究者 | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources