Clinical and Counseling Psychologists
Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 19-3033.00
Assess, diagnose, and treat mental and emotional disorders of individuals through observation, interview, and psychological tests. Help individuals with distress or maladjustment understand their problems through their knowledge of case history, interviews with patients, and theory. Provide individual or group counseling services to assist individuals in achieving more effective personal, social, educational, and vocational development and adjustment. May design behavior modification programs and consult with medical personnel regarding the best treatment for patients.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.059
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.39
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only30 rated tasks · 20 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (66.7%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Tasks of O*NET-SOC 2010 occupations 19-3031.02 Clinical Psychologists; 19-3031.03 Counseling Psychologists, linked to this occupation by the O*NET-SOC 2010 to 2019 crosswalk
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Interact with clients to assist them in gaining insight, defining goals, and planning action to achieve effective personal, social, educational, and vocational development and adjustment.19-3031.02 | 0.386337.2 | 0.166455.9 |
Provide occupational, educational, and other information to individuals so that they can make educational and vocational plans.19-3031.02 | 0.292928.2 | 0.035912.1 |
Discuss the treatment of problems with clients.19-3031.02 | 0.160015.4 | 0.065922.1 |
Advise clients on how they could be helped by counseling.19-3031.03 | 0.04634.5 | 0.00822.8 |
Identify psychological, emotional, or behavioral issues and diagnose disorders, using information obtained from interviews, tests, records, and reference materials.19-3031.02 | 0.03323.2 | 0.00291.0 |
Counsel individuals and groups regarding problems, such as stress, substance abuse, and family situations, to modify behavior or to improve personal, social, and vocational adjustment.19-3031.02 | 0.02832.7 | 0.00361.2 |
Analyze data such as interview notes, test results, and reference manuals to identify symptoms and to diagnose the nature of clients' problems.19-3031.03 | 0.02042.0 | 0.00471.6 |
Collect information about individuals or clients, using interviews, case histories, observational techniques, and other assessment methods.19-3031.03 | 0.01561.5 | 0.00782.6 |
Provide psychological or administrative services and advice to private firms and community agencies regarding mental health programs or individual cases.19-3031.02 | 0.01371.3 | 0.00210.7 |
Consult with other professionals, agencies, or universities to discuss therapies, treatments, counseling resources or techniques, and to share occupational information.19-3031.03 | 0.01091.1 | —0 |
Develop and implement individual treatment plans, specifying type, frequency, intensity, and duration of therapy.19-3031.02 | 0.00700.7 | —0 |
Counsel individuals, groups, or families to help them understand problems, deal with crisis situations, define goals, and develop realistic action plans.19-3031.03 | 0.00580.6 | —0 |
Select, administer, score, and interpret psychological tests to obtain information on individuals' intelligence, achievements, interests, and personalities.19-3031.02 | 0.00420.4 | —0 |
Consult reference material, such as textbooks, manuals, and journals, to identify symptoms, make diagnoses, and develop approaches to treatment.19-3031.02 | 0.00390.4 | —0 |
Plan, supervise, and conduct psychological research and write papers describing research results.19-3031.02 | 0.00330.3 | —0 |
Evaluate the effectiveness of counseling or treatments and the accuracy and completeness of diagnoses, modifying plans and diagnoses as necessary.19-3031.02 | 0.00210.2 | —0 |
Develop therapeutic and treatment plans based on clients' interests, abilities, and needs.19-3031.03 | 0.00210.2 | —0 |
Obtain and study medical, psychological, social, and family histories by interviewing individuals, couples, or families and by reviewing records.19-3031.02 | 0.00150.1 | —0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 16 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Use a variety of treatment methods, such as psychotherapy, hypnosis, behavior modification, stress reduction therapy, psychodrama, and play therapy. | —0 | —0 |
Write reports on clients and maintain required paperwork. | —0 | —0 |
Maintain current knowledge of relevant research. | —0 | —0 |
Observe individuals at play, in group interactions, or in other contexts to detect indications of mental deficiency, abnormal behavior, or maladjustment. | —0 | —0 |
Refer clients to other specialists, institutions, or support services as necessary. | —0 | —0 |
Consult with or provide consultation to other doctors, therapists, or clinicians regarding patient care. | —0 | —0 |
Develop, direct, and participate in training programs for staff and students. | —0 | —0 |
Direct, coordinate, and evaluate activities of staff and interns engaged in patient assessment and treatment. | —0 | —0 |
Plan and develop accredited psychological service programs in psychiatric centers or hospitals, in collaboration with psychiatrists and other professional staff. | —0 | —0 |
Evaluate the results of counseling methods to determine the reliability and validity of treatments. | —0 | —0 |
Refer clients to specialists or to other institutions for noncounseling treatment of problems. | —0 | —0 |
Select, administer, and interpret psychological tests to assess intelligence, aptitudes, abilities, or interests. | —0 | —0 |
Document patient information including session notes, progress notes, recommendations, and treatment plans. | —0 | —0 |
Supervise interns, clinicians in training, and other counselors. | —0 | —0 |
Provide consulting services, including educational programs, outreach programs, and prevention talks to schools, social service agencies, businesses, and the general public. | —0 | —0 |
Conduct research to develop or improve diagnostic or therapeutic counseling techniques. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Document patient information including session notes, progress notes, recommendations, and treatment plans.O*NET Task ID 22165 | 1.0 |
Write reports on clients and maintain required paperwork.O*NET Task ID 22170 | 1.0 |
Prepare written evaluations of individuals' psychological competence for court hearings.O*NET Task ID 22191 | 1.0 |
Collect information about individuals or clients, using interviews, case histories, observational techniques, and other assessment methods.O*NET Task ID 22163 | 0.5 |
Develop therapeutic and treatment plans based on clients' interests, abilities, or needs.O*NET Task ID 22167 | 0.5 |
Identify psychological, emotional, or behavioral issues and diagnose disorders, using information obtained from interviews, tests, records, or reference materials.O*NET Task ID 22168 | 0.5 |
Consult with or provide consultation to other doctors, therapists, or clinicians regarding patient care.O*NET Task ID 22171 | 0.5 |
Obtain and study medical, psychological, social, and family histories by interviewing individuals, couples, or families and by reviewing records.O*NET Task ID 22172 | 0.5 |
Evaluate the effectiveness of counseling or treatments and the accuracy and completeness of diagnoses, modifying plans or diagnoses as necessary.O*NET Task ID 22173 | 0.5 |
Select, administer, score, and interpret psychological tests to obtain information on individuals' intelligence, achievements, interests, or personalities.O*NET Task ID 22174 | 0.5 |
Develop and implement individual treatment plans, specifying type, frequency, intensity, and duration of therapy.O*NET Task ID 22176 | 0.5 |
Refer clients to other specialists, institutions, or support services as necessary.O*NET Task ID 22178 | 0.5 |
Maintain current knowledge of relevant research.O*NET Task ID 22179 | 0.5 |
Consult reference material, such as textbooks, manuals, or journals, to identify symptoms, make diagnoses, or develop approaches to treatment.O*NET Task ID 22180 | 0.5 |
Provide occupational, educational, or other information to individuals so that they can make educational or vocational plans.O*NET Task ID 22183 | 0.5 |
Plan and develop accredited psychological service programs in psychiatric centers or hospitals, in collaboration with psychiatrists and other professional staff.O*NET Task ID 22184 | 0.5 |
Develop, direct, and participate in training programs for staff and students.O*NET Task ID 22186 | 0.5 |
Provide psychological or administrative services and advice to private firms or community agencies regarding mental health programs or individual cases.O*NET Task ID 22187 | 0.5 |
Conduct research to develop or improve diagnostic or therapeutic counseling techniques.O*NET Task ID 22188 | 0.5 |
Plan, supervise, and conduct psychological research and write papers describing research results.O*NET Task ID 22189 | 0.5 |
Counsel individuals, groups, or families to help them understand problems, deal with crisis situations, define goals, and develop realistic action plans.O*NET Task ID 22164 | 0.0 |
Interact with clients to assist them in gaining insight, defining goals, and planning action to achieve effective personal, social, educational, or vocational development and adjustment.O*NET Task ID 22166 | 0.0 |
Use a variety of treatment methods, such as psychotherapy, hypnosis, behavior modification, stress reduction therapy, psychodrama, or play therapy.O*NET Task ID 22169 | 0.0 |
Advise clients on how they could be helped by counseling.O*NET Task ID 22175 | 0.0 |
Consult with other professionals, agencies, or universities to discuss therapies, treatments, counseling resources or techniques, and to share occupational information.O*NET Task ID 22177 | 0.0 |
Observe individuals at play, in group interactions, or in other contexts to detect indications of mental deficiency, abnormal behavior, or maladjustment.O*NET Task ID 22181 | 0.0 |
Provide consulting services, including educational programs, outreach programs, or prevention talks to schools, social service agencies, businesses, or the general public.O*NET Task ID 22182 | 0.0 |
Direct, coordinate, and evaluate activities of staff and interns engaged in patient assessment and treatment.O*NET Task ID 22185 | 0.0 |
Conduct assessments of patients' risk for harm to self or others.O*NET Task ID 22190 | 0.0 |
Supervise and train interns, clinicians in training, and other counselors.O*NET Task ID 22192 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (30)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Collect information about individuals or clients, using interviews, case histories, observational techniques, and other assessment methods. | Core |
| Counsel individuals, groups, or families to help them understand problems, deal with crisis situations, define goals, and develop realistic action plans. | Core |
| Document patient information including session notes, progress notes, recommendations, and treatment plans. | Core |
| Interact with clients to assist them in gaining insight, defining goals, and planning action to achieve effective personal, social, educational, or vocational development and adjustment. | Core |
| Develop therapeutic and treatment plans based on clients' interests, abilities, or needs. | Core |
| Identify psychological, emotional, or behavioral issues and diagnose disorders, using information obtained from interviews, tests, records, or reference materials. | Core |
| Use a variety of treatment methods, such as psychotherapy, hypnosis, behavior modification, stress reduction therapy, psychodrama, or play therapy. | Core |
| Write reports on clients and maintain required paperwork. | Core |
| Consult with or provide consultation to other doctors, therapists, or clinicians regarding patient care. | Core |
| Obtain and study medical, psychological, social, and family histories by interviewing individuals, couples, or families and by reviewing records. | Core |
| Evaluate the effectiveness of counseling or treatments and the accuracy and completeness of diagnoses, modifying plans or diagnoses as necessary. | Core |
| Select, administer, score, and interpret psychological tests to obtain information on individuals' intelligence, achievements, interests, or personalities. | Core |
| Advise clients on how they could be helped by counseling. | Core |
| Develop and implement individual treatment plans, specifying type, frequency, intensity, and duration of therapy. | Core |
| Consult with other professionals, agencies, or universities to discuss therapies, treatments, counseling resources or techniques, and to share occupational information. | Core |
| Refer clients to other specialists, institutions, or support services as necessary. | Core |
| Maintain current knowledge of relevant research. | Core |
| Consult reference material, such as textbooks, manuals, or journals, to identify symptoms, make diagnoses, or develop approaches to treatment. | Core |
| Provide consulting services, including educational programs, outreach programs, or prevention talks to schools, social service agencies, businesses, or the general public. | Core |
| Provide occupational, educational, or other information to individuals so that they can make educational or vocational plans. | Core |
| Plan and develop accredited psychological service programs in psychiatric centers or hospitals, in collaboration with psychiatrists and other professional staff. | Core |
| Direct, coordinate, and evaluate activities of staff and interns engaged in patient assessment and treatment. | Core |
| Develop, direct, and participate in training programs for staff and students. | Core |
| Conduct research to develop or improve diagnostic or therapeutic counseling techniques. | Core |
| Conduct assessments of patients' risk for harm to self or others. | Core |
| Prepare written evaluations of individuals' psychological competence for court hearings. | Core |
| Supervise and train interns, clinicians in training, and other counselors. | Core |
| Observe individuals at play, in group interactions, or in other contexts to detect indications of cognitive, intellectual, or developmental disabilities. | Supplemental |
| Provide psychological or administrative services and advice to private firms or community agencies regarding mental health programs or individual cases. | Supplemental |
| Plan, supervise, and conduct psychological research and write papers describing research results. | Supplemental |
0.00/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
None of this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks is classified as a physical task.
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 81K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 91K
- Change (2025–35)
- +11.7%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $100,580
- Typical education needed for entry
- Doctoral or professional degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 24670 | 임상심리사 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 25330 | 상담 전문가 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 24693 | 놀이 및 행동치료사 | Related, not a match | reviewed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2634Psychologists
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Psychologists research into and study the mental processes and behaviour of human beings as individuals or in groups, and apply this knowledge to promote personal, social, educational or occupational adjustment and development.
Tasks
- (a) planning and carrying out tests to measure mental, physical and other characteristics such as intelligence, abilities, aptitudes, potentialities, etc., interpreting and evaluating results, and providing advice;
- (b) analysing the effect of heredity, social, occupational and other factors on individual thought and behaviour;
- (c) conducting counselling or therapeutic interviews with individuals and groups, and providing follow-up services;
- (d) maintaining required contacts, such as those with family members, educational authorities or employers, and recommending possible solutions to, and treatment of, problems;
- (e) studying psychological factors in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mental illnesses and emotional or personality disorders, and conferring with related professionals;
- (f) preparing scholarly papers and reports;
- (g) formulating achievement, diagnostic and predictive tests for use by teachers in planning methods and content of instruction;
- (h) conducting surveys and research studies on job design, work groups, morale, motivation, supervision and management;
- (e) developing theories, models and methods to interpret and describe human behaviour.
Example occupations
Clinical psychologist · Educational psychologist · Organizational psychologist · Psychotherapist · Sports psychologist
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- psychologistESCO 2634.2Same scope
Psychologists study the behaviour and mental processes in humans. They provide services to clients who deal with mental health issues and life issues such as bereavement, relationship difficulties, domestic violence, and sexual abuse. They also provide counselling for mental health issues such as eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorders, and psychosis in order to help the clients rehabilitate and reach a healthy behaviour.
- assistant clinical psychologistESCO 3259.2This occupation is broader
Assistant clinical psychologists aid psychologists in their work. They work in healthcare facilities or private practices where they assist psychologists with their treatment of patients. Assistant clinical psychologists are healthcare professionals that can assess patients with psychological tests and aid with therapy, as well as performing administrative functions.
- clinical psychologistESCO 2634.2.1This occupation is broader
Clinical psychologists diagnose, rehabilitate, and support individuals affected by mental, emotional, and behavioural disorders and problems as well as mental changes and pathogenic conditions through use of cognitive tools and appropriate intervention. They use clinical psychological resources on the basis of psychological science, its findings, theories, methods, and techniques for the investigation, interpretation, and prediction of human experience and behaviour.
- educational psychologistESCO 2634.2.2This occupation is broader
Educational psychologists are psychologists employed by educational institutions to provide psychological and emotional support to students in need. They are specialised in the provision of direct support and interventions to students, conducting psychological testing and assessment, and consulting with families, teachers and other school-based student support professionals, such as school social workers and educational counsellors, about the students. They may also work with the school administration to improve practical support strategies in order to improve the students' well-being.
- health psychologistESCO 2634.2.3This occupation is broader
Health psychologists deal with the various aspects of health related behaviour of individuals and groups, by helping individuals or groups prevent illness and promote healthy behaviours by also providing counseling services. They perform tasks for the development of health promotion activities and projects on the basis of psychological science, research findings, theories, methods and techniques. They also engage in research about health related issues to influence public policy on health care issues.
- psychotherapistESCO 2634.2.4This occupation is broader
Psychotherapists assist and treat healthcare users with varying degrees of psychological, psychosocial, or psychosomatic behavioural disorders and pathogenic conditions by means of psychotherapeutic methods. They promote personal development and well-being and provide advice on improving relationships, capabilities, and problem-solving techniques. They use science-based psychotherapeutic methods such as behavioural therapy, existential analysis and logotherapy, psychoanalysis or systemic family therapy in order to guide the patients in their development and help them search for appropriate solutions to their problems. Psychotherapists are not required to have academic degrees in psychology or a medical qualification in psychiatry. It is an independent occupation from psychology, psychiatry, and counselling.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| K1104 | Psychologue | Same scopeprovisional |
| J1138 | Sexologue | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| K1107 | Conseiller / Conseillère d'orientation psychologue | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| K1111 | Psychanalyste | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2159 | Profesionales de la salud no clasificados bajo otros epígrafes | This occupation is narrower |
| 2823 | Psicólogos | Related, not a match |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 81624 | Berufe in der klinischen Psychologie - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Overlapping, not the same |
| 81634 | Berufe in der nicht ärztlichen Psychotherapie - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Overlapping, not the same |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 159 | 他に分類されない保健医療従事者 | This occupation is narrower |
| 243 | カウンセラー(医療・福祉施設を除く) | Related, not a match |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources