School Psychologists
Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 19-3034.00
Diagnose and implement individual or schoolwide interventions or strategies to address educational, behavioral, or developmental issues that adversely impact educational functioning in a school. May address student learning and behavioral problems and counsel students or families. May design and implement performance plans, and evaluate performance. May consult with other school-based personnel.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.047
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.39
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only19 rated tasks · 15 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (78.9%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Compile and interpret students' test results, along with information from teachers and parents, to diagnose conditions and to help assess eligibility for special services.O*NET Task ID 5446 | 0.5 |
Assess an individual child's needs, limitations, and potential, using observation, review of school records, and consultation with parents and school personnel.O*NET Task ID 5448 | 0.5 |
Select, administer, and score psychological tests.O*NET Task ID 5449 | 0.5 |
Provide consultation to parents, teachers, administrators, and others on topics such as learning styles and behavior modification techniques.O*NET Task ID 5450 | 0.5 |
Promote an understanding of child development and its relationship to learning and behavior.O*NET Task ID 5451 | 0.5 |
Collaborate with other educational professionals to develop teaching strategies and school programs.O*NET Task ID 5452 | 0.5 |
Develop individualized educational plans in collaboration with teachers and other staff members.O*NET Task ID 5454 | 0.5 |
Maintain student records, including special education reports, confidential records, records of services provided, and behavioral data.O*NET Task ID 5455 | 0.5 |
Attend workshops, seminars, or professional meetings to remain informed of new developments in school psychology.O*NET Task ID 5457 | 0.5 |
Design classes and programs to meet the needs of special students.O*NET Task ID 5458 | 0.5 |
Refer students and their families to appropriate community agencies for medical, vocational, or social services.O*NET Task ID 5459 | 0.5 |
Collect and analyze data to evaluate the effectiveness of academic programs and other services, such as behavioral management systems.O*NET Task ID 5461 | 0.5 |
Provide educational programs on topics such as classroom management, teaching strategies, or parenting skills.O*NET Task ID 5462 | 0.5 |
Conduct research to generate new knowledge that can be used to address learning and behavior issues.O*NET Task ID 5463 | 0.5 |
Interpret test results and prepare psychological reports for teachers, administrators, and parents.O*NET Task ID 18619 | 0.5 |
Report any pertinent information to the proper authorities in cases of child endangerment, neglect, or abuse.O*NET Task ID 5447 | 0.0 |
Counsel children and families to help solve conflicts and problems in learning and adjustment.O*NET Task ID 5453 | 0.0 |
Serve as a resource to help families and schools deal with crises, such as separation and loss.O*NET Task ID 5456 | 0.0 |
Initiate and direct efforts to foster tolerance, understanding, and appreciation of diversity in school communities.O*NET Task ID 5460 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (19)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Compile and interpret students' test results, along with information from teachers and parents, to diagnose conditions and to help assess eligibility for special services. | Core |
| Report any pertinent information to the proper authorities in cases of child endangerment, neglect, or abuse. | Core |
| Assess an individual child's needs, limitations, and potential, using observation, review of school records, and consultation with parents and school personnel. | Core |
| Select, administer, and score psychological tests. | Core |
| Provide consultation to parents, teachers, administrators, and others on topics such as learning styles and behavior modification techniques. | Core |
| Promote an understanding of child development and its relationship to learning and behavior. | Core |
| Collaborate with other educational professionals to develop teaching strategies and school programs. | Core |
| Counsel children and families to help solve conflicts and problems in learning and adjustment. | Core |
| Develop individualized educational plans in collaboration with teachers and other staff members. | Core |
| Maintain student records, including special education reports, confidential records, records of services provided, and behavioral data. | Core |
| Serve as a resource to help families and schools deal with crises, such as separation and loss. | Core |
| Attend workshops, seminars, or professional meetings to remain informed of new developments in school psychology. | Core |
| Design classes and programs to meet the needs of special students. | Core |
| Refer students and their families to appropriate community agencies for medical, vocational, or social services. | Core |
| Initiate and direct efforts to foster tolerance, understanding, and appreciation of diversity in school communities. | Core |
| Collect and analyze data to evaluate the effectiveness of academic programs and other services, such as behavioral management systems. | Core |
| Provide educational programs on topics such as classroom management, teaching strategies, or parenting skills. | Core |
| Conduct research to generate new knowledge that can be used to address learning and behavior issues. | Core |
| Interpret test results and prepare psychological reports for teachers, administrators, and parents. | Core |
0.00/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
None of this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks is classified as a physical task.
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 64K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 65K
- Change (2025–35)
- +0.8%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $95,990
- Typical education needed for entry
- Master's degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 25330 | 상담 전문가 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2634Psychologists
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Psychologists research into and study the mental processes and behaviour of human beings as individuals or in groups, and apply this knowledge to promote personal, social, educational or occupational adjustment and development.
Tasks
- (a) planning and carrying out tests to measure mental, physical and other characteristics such as intelligence, abilities, aptitudes, potentialities, etc., interpreting and evaluating results, and providing advice;
- (b) analysing the effect of heredity, social, occupational and other factors on individual thought and behaviour;
- (c) conducting counselling or therapeutic interviews with individuals and groups, and providing follow-up services;
- (d) maintaining required contacts, such as those with family members, educational authorities or employers, and recommending possible solutions to, and treatment of, problems;
- (e) studying psychological factors in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mental illnesses and emotional or personality disorders, and conferring with related professionals;
- (f) preparing scholarly papers and reports;
- (g) formulating achievement, diagnostic and predictive tests for use by teachers in planning methods and content of instruction;
- (h) conducting surveys and research studies on job design, work groups, morale, motivation, supervision and management;
- (e) developing theories, models and methods to interpret and describe human behaviour.
Example occupations
Clinical psychologist · Educational psychologist · Organizational psychologist · Psychotherapist · Sports psychologist
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- educational psychologistESCO 2634.2.2Same scope
Educational psychologists are psychologists employed by educational institutions to provide psychological and emotional support to students in need. They are specialised in the provision of direct support and interventions to students, conducting psychological testing and assessment, and consulting with families, teachers and other school-based student support professionals, such as school social workers and educational counsellors, about the students. They may also work with the school administration to improve practical support strategies in order to improve the students' well-being.
- psychologistESCO 2634.2This occupation is narrower
Psychologists study the behaviour and mental processes in humans. They provide services to clients who deal with mental health issues and life issues such as bereavement, relationship difficulties, domestic violence, and sexual abuse. They also provide counselling for mental health issues such as eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorders, and psychosis in order to help the clients rehabilitate and reach a healthy behaviour.
- learning mentorESCO 2359.9This occupation is broader
Learning mentors support underperforming students both inside and outside of the classroom in order to increase their academic success. They assist students experiencing (multiple) disadvantages, such as learning difficulties, behavioural issues, and attendance problems, and also assist gifted students who are under-challenged. They may also work with adult students in the further education system. Learning mentors develop schedules and action plans with the students in order to plan the necessary mentoring activities and monitor progress. They also liaise with the students' teachers, educational psychologists, school social workers and, if necessary, with the student's parents, in order to improve the student's educational development.
- education welfare officerESCO 2635.3.10Overlapping, not the same
Education welfare officers address the social and psychological well-being of students. They counsel students concerning their personal issues that affect their school behaviour, performance and social life. These issues may range from attention deficit problems, to social and personal issues such as poverty or domestic and sexual abuse. Education welfare officers also handle the communication between the students, the parents and the school.
- educational counsellorESCO 2359.6Overlapping, not the same
Educational counsellors provide practical and emotional support to students in a educational institution, either in small groups, classrooms, or individually. They function as an accessible school official whom students may contact for a wide variety of issues. Educational counsellors may provide advice on personal problems such as social integration and behavioural issues, and on school-related matters such as composing adequate curriculum schedules, discussing test scores, and informing students on further education options. They may work closely with a school social worker and/or school psychologist and make referrals to other support services if necessary.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| K1114 | Psychologue scolaire | Same scope |
| K1104 | Psychologue | Related, not a match |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2823 | Psicólogos | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 81624 | Berufe in der klinischen Psychologie - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 81614 | Berufe in der nicht klinischen Psychologie - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 243 | カウンセラー(医療・福祉施設を除く) | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources