Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists

Community and Social Service Occupations

O*NET-SOC code: 21-1092.00

Provide social services to assist in rehabilitation of law offenders in custody or on probation or parole. Make recommendations for actions involving formulation of rehabilitation plan and treatment of offender, including conditional release and education and employment stipulations.

Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery high
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
Source dataset (XLSX download)
Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
Source dataset (CSV download)
Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.28
0.09Range of values carried here0.70
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
Source dataset (PDF download)

What kind of figure this source publishes

The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.

Task-level exposure

Exposed tasks only

21 rated tasks · 14 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (66.7%)

β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.

Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.

Source: OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
Release: gh-main-0471612
License: MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI

Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.

Task (O*NET 27.2)	βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Prepare and maintain case folder for each assigned inmate or offender. O*NET Task ID 1614	1.0
Write reports describing offenders' progress. O*NET Task ID 1615	1.0
Inform offenders or inmates of requirements of conditional release, such as office visits, restitution payments, or educational and employment stipulations. O*NET Task ID 1616	1.0
Develop rehabilitation programs for assigned offenders or inmates, establishing rules of conduct, goals, and objectives. O*NET Task ID 1619	0.5
Arrange for medical, mental health, or substance abuse treatment services according to individual needs or court orders. O*NET Task ID 1621	0.5
Provide offenders or inmates with assistance in matters concerning detainers, sentences in other jurisdictions, writs, and applications for social assistance. O*NET Task ID 1622	0.5
Arrange for postrelease services, such as employment, housing, counseling, education, and social activities. O*NET Task ID 1623	0.5
Recommend remedial action or initiate court action in response to noncompliance with terms of probation or parole. O*NET Task ID 1624	0.5
Assess the suitability of penitentiary inmates for release under parole and statutory release programs and submit recommendations to parole boards. O*NET Task ID 1627	0.5
Conduct prehearing and presentencing investigations and testify in court regarding offenders' backgrounds and recommended sentences and sentencing conditions. O*NET Task ID 1629	0.5
Recommend appropriate penitentiary for initial placement of an offender. O*NET Task ID 1630	0.5
Participate in decisions about whether cases should go before courts and which court should hear them. O*NET Task ID 1631	0.5
Identify and approve work placements for offenders with community service sentences. O*NET Task ID 1632	0.5
Develop and prepare packets containing information about social service agencies, assistance organizations, and programs that might be useful for inmates or offenders. O*NET Task ID 1633	0.5
Show 4 more tasks ▾Show less ▴
Discuss with offenders how such issues as drug and alcohol abuse and anger management problems might have played roles in their criminal behavior. O*NET Task ID 1617	0.0
Gather information about offenders' backgrounds by talking to offenders, their families and friends, and other people who have relevant information. O*NET Task ID 1618	0.0
Develop liaisons and networks with other parole officers, community agencies, correctional institutions, psychiatric facilities, and aftercare agencies to plan for helping offenders with life adjustments. O*NET Task ID 1620	0.0
Interview probationers and parolees regularly to evaluate their progress in accomplishing goals and maintaining the terms specified in their probation contracts and rehabilitation plans. O*NET Task ID 1625	0.0
Investigate alleged parole violations, using interviews, surveillance, and search and seizure. O*NET Task ID 1628	0.0
Administer drug and alcohol tests, including random drug screens of offenders, to verify compliance with substance abuse treatment programs. O*NET Task ID 20055	0.0
Supervise people on community-based sentences, such as electronically monitored home detention, and provide field supervision of probationers by conducting curfew checks or visits to home, work, or school. O*NET Task ID 20056	0.0

β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

All O*NET 31.0 task statements (21)

All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.

Task (O*NET 31.0)	Type
Prepare and maintain case folder for each assigned inmate or offender.	Core
Write reports describing offenders' progress.	Core
Inform offenders or inmates of requirements of conditional release, such as office visits, restitution payments, or educational and employment stipulations.	Core
Discuss with offenders how such issues as drug and alcohol abuse and anger management problems might have played roles in their criminal behavior.	Core
Gather information about offenders' backgrounds by talking to offenders, their families and friends, and other people who have relevant information.	Core
Develop liaisons and networks with other parole officers, community agencies, correctional institutions, psychiatric facilities, and aftercare agencies to plan for helping offenders with life adjustments.	Core
Arrange for medical, mental health, or substance abuse treatment services according to individual needs or court orders.	Core
Provide offenders or inmates with assistance in matters concerning detainers, sentences in other jurisdictions, writs, and applications for social assistance.	Core
Arrange for postrelease services, such as employment, housing, counseling, education, and social activities.	Core
Recommend remedial action or initiate court action in response to noncompliance with terms of probation or parole.	Core
Interview probationers and parolees regularly to evaluate their progress in accomplishing goals and maintaining the terms specified in their probation contracts and rehabilitation plans.	Core
Investigate alleged parole violations, using interviews, surveillance, and search and seizure.	Core
Conduct prehearing and presentencing investigations and testify in court regarding offenders' backgrounds and recommended sentences and sentencing conditions.	Core
Participate in decisions about whether cases should go before courts and which court should hear them.	Core
Develop and prepare packets containing information about social service agencies, assistance organizations, and programs that might be useful for inmates or offenders.	Core
Administer drug and alcohol tests, including random drug screens of offenders, to verify compliance with substance abuse treatment programs.	Core
Supervise people on community-based sentences, such as electronically monitored home detention, and provide field supervision of probationers by conducting curfew checks or visits to home, work, or school.	Core
Develop rehabilitation programs for assigned offenders or inmates, establishing rules of conduct, goals, and objectives.	Supplemental
Assess the suitability of penitentiary inmates for release under parole and statutory release programs and submit recommendations to parole boards.	Supplemental
Recommend appropriate penitentiary for initial placement of an offender.	Supplemental
Identify and approve work placements for offenders with community service sentences.	Supplemental

Anthropic, "What work can robots do?"2026-09

0.05/ 3· Robot exposure index

0 none3 unstructured settings

Scale, basis and source

Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time

Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks

Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.

Source dataset

The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.

Tier of each physical task

Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)

E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site

Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.

Task (O*NET 29.3)	Robot environment tier
Investigate alleged parole violations, using interviews, surveillance, and search and seizure.	E0 none
Administer drug and alcohol tests, including random drug screens of offenders, to verify compliance with substance abuse treatment programs.	E1 purpose-built robot settings
Supervise people on community-based sentences, such as electronically monitored home detention, and provide field supervision of probationers by conducting curfew checks or visits to home, work, or school.	E0 none

Employment outlook (BLS)

Employment, 2025: 94K
Projected employment, 2035: 97K
Change (2025–35): +3%
Median annual wage, 2025: $66,270
Typical education needed for entry: Bachelor's degree

lowest $30,890median wage across 825 detailed occupations, BLS EP 2025–35highest $559,030

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — Employment by detailed occupation, 2025 and projected 2035

Korea classification links (KSCO)

Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.

KSCO code	KSCO title	Relation	Status
41131	소년원 학교 교사	Overlapping, not the same	confirmed
25310	사회복지사	Related, not a match	confirmed

Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)

ILO occupational description

AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.

ISCO-08 2635Social Work and Counselling Professionals

The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.

Social work and counselling professionals provide advice and guidance to individuals, families, groups, communities and organizations in response to social and personal difficulties. They assist clients to develop skills and access resources and support services needed to respond to issues arising from unemployment, poverty, disability, addiction, criminal and delinquent behaviour, and marital and other problems.

Tasks

(a) interviewing clients individually, in families, or in groups, to assess their situation and problems and determine the types of services required;
(b) analysing the client's situation and presenting alternative approaches to resolving problems;
(c) compiling case records or reports for courts and other legal proceedings;
(d) providing counselling, therapy and mediation services and facilitating group sessions to assist clients to develop skills and insights needed to deal with and resolve their social and personal problems;
(e) planning and implementing programmes of assistance for clients including crisis intervention and referral to agencies that provide financial assistance, legal aid, housing, medical treatment and other services;
(f) investigating cases of abuse or neglect and taking action to protect children and other at risk persons;
(g) working with offenders during and after sentence, to help them to integrate into the community and to change attitudes and behaviour in order to reduce further offending;
(h) providing advice to prison governors and to probation and parole review boards that helps determine whether, and under what conditions, an offender should be incarcerated, released from prison or undergo alternative correctional measures;
(i) acting as advocates for client groups in the community and lobbying for solutions to problems affecting them;
(j) developing prevention and intervention programmes to meet community needs;
(k) maintaining contact with other social service agencies, educational institutions and health care providers involved with clients to provide information and obtain feedback on clients' overall situation and progress.

Example occupations

Addictions counsellor · Bereavement counsellor · Child and youth counsellor · District social welfare officer · Family counsellor · Marriage counsellor · Parole officer · Probation officer · Sexual assault counsellor · Social worker · Women’s welfare organizer

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO occupational vocabulary

Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.

probation officerESCO 2635.3.21Same scope
Probation officers supervise offenders after their release, or who were sentenced to penalties outside of incarceration. They write reports providing advice on the offender's sentence and analysis concerning possibilities of reoffense. They aid the offenders during the rehabilitation and reintegration process and ensure the offenders carry out their community service sentence when necessary.
juvenile correctional officerESCO 5413.1This occupation is broader
Juvenile correctional officers monitor and provide security to juvenile offenders. They ensure the safety of the facility compliant with rules and regulations, compile reports on the daily activities as well as in the case of incidents, and report unusual activity. They also supervise rehabilitation procedures of the offenders.
youth offending team workerESCO 2635.3.26This occupation is broader
Youth offending team workers support young offenders by preventing them from reoffending, counselling them for behavioural changes, referring them to agencies that provide housing, helping them back into education, involving them in constructive activities, visiting them when located in secure institutions and assessing future risks.
criminal justice social workerESCO 2635.3.8Overlapping, not the same
Criminal justice social workers tackle criminal behaviour and reduce risk of reoffending by promoting and establishing programs to prevent crime within communities. They assist in prosecutions and help to investigate criminal cases. They assist prisoners reinsert into the community after release from custody. They also support and supervise the offenders sentenced to community service and provide support to the victims and the people closely affected by the crime.

Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

View original

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

France classification links (ROME)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.

ROME code	ROME title (French)	Relation
K1211	Conseiller / Conseillère d'Insertion et de Probation (CIP)	Same scopeprovisional
K1223	Technicien / Technicienne de l'administration pénitentiaire	Related, not a match
K1210	Educateur / Educatrice de la protection judiciaire de la jeunesse	Related, not a matchprovisional

Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.

ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)

Spain classification links (CNO-11)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

CNO-11 code	CNO-11 title (Spanish)	Relation
2824	Profesionales del trabajo y la educación social	This occupation is narrower

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)

Germany classification links (KldB)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

KldB code	KldB title (German)	Relation
83124	Berufe in der Sozialarbeit und Sozialpädagogik - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten	This occupation is narrower

Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)

Japan classification links (JSCO)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

JSCO code	JSCO title (Japanese)	Relation
169	その他の社会福祉専門職業従事者	This occupation is narrower

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)

Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources