- O*NET-SOC code
- 21-2011.00
Conduct religious worship and perform other spiritual functions associated with beliefs and practices of religious faith or denomination. Provide spiritual and moral guidance and assistance to members.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.112
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.17
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only21 rated tasks · 10 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (47.6%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Read from sacred texts such as the Bible, Torah, or Koran.21-2011.00 | 0.717573.9 |
Share information about religious issues by writing articles, giving speeches, or teaching.21-2011.00 | 0.168517.4 |
Prepare and deliver sermons or other talks.21-2011.00 | 0.02552.6 |
Counsel individuals or groups concerning their spiritual, emotional, or personal needs.21-2011.00 | 0.02332.4 |
Pray and promote spirituality.21-2011.00 | 0.01221.3 |
Plan or lead religious education programs.21-2011.00 | 0.01031.1 |
Study and interpret religious laws, doctrines, or traditions.21-2011.00 | 0.00440.5 |
Devise ways in which congregational membership can be expanded.21-2011.00 | 0.00320.3 |
Prepare people for participation in religious ceremonies.21-2011.00 | 0.00290.3 |
Organize or engage in interfaith, community, civic, educational, or recreational activities sponsored by or related to religious programs.21-2011.00 | 0.00280.3 |
| Not observed on any surface — 11 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | |
Organize and lead regular religious services. | —0 |
Instruct people who seek conversion to a particular faith. | —0 |
Visit people in homes, hospitals, or prisons to provide them with comfort and support. | —0 |
Train leaders of church, community, or youth groups. | —0 |
Administer religious rites or ordinances. | —0 |
Conduct special ceremonies, such as weddings, funerals, or confirmations. | —0 |
Respond to requests for assistance during emergencies or crises. | —0 |
Collaborate with committees or individuals to address financial or administrative issues pertaining to congregations. | —0 |
Perform administrative duties, such as overseeing building management, ordering supplies, contracting for services or repairs, or supervising the work of staff members or volunteers. | —0 |
Refer people to community support services, psychologists, or doctors. | —0 |
Participate in fundraising activities to support congregational activities or facilities. | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Read from sacred texts, such as the Bible, Torah, or Koran.O*NET Task ID 10935 | 1.0 |
Prepare and deliver sermons or other talks.O*NET Task ID 10936 | 1.0 |
Share information about religious issues by writing articles, giving speeches, or teaching.O*NET Task ID 10938 | 1.0 |
Study and interpret religious laws, doctrines, or traditions.O*NET Task ID 10944 | 1.0 |
Devise ways in which congregational membership can be expanded.O*NET Task ID 10948 | 0.5 |
Collaborate with committees or individuals to address financial or administrative issues pertaining to congregations.O*NET Task ID 10949 | 0.5 |
Perform administrative duties, such as overseeing building management, ordering supplies, contracting for services or repairs, or supervising the work of staff members or volunteers.O*NET Task ID 10951 | 0.5 |
Refer people to community support services, psychologists, or doctors.O*NET Task ID 10952 | 0.5 |
Participate in fundraising activities to support congregational activities or facilities.O*NET Task ID 10953 | 0.5 |
Plan or lead religious education programs.O*NET Task ID 20748 | 0.5 |
Pray and promote spirituality.O*NET Task ID 10934 | 0.0 |
Organize and lead regular religious services.O*NET Task ID 10937 | 0.0 |
Instruct people who seek conversion to a particular faith.O*NET Task ID 10939 | 0.0 |
Counsel individuals or groups concerning their spiritual, emotional, or personal needs.O*NET Task ID 10940 | 0.0 |
Visit people in homes, hospitals, or prisons to provide them with comfort and support.O*NET Task ID 10941 | 0.0 |
Train leaders of church, community, or youth groups.O*NET Task ID 10942 | 0.0 |
Administer religious rites or ordinances.O*NET Task ID 10943 | 0.0 |
Conduct special ceremonies, such as weddings, funerals, or confirmations.O*NET Task ID 10945 | 0.0 |
Respond to requests for assistance during emergencies or crises.O*NET Task ID 10947 | 0.0 |
Prepare people for participation in religious ceremonies.O*NET Task ID 10950 | 0.0 |
Organize or engage in interfaith, community, civic, educational, or recreational activities sponsored by or related to religious programs.O*NET Task ID 20749 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (21)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Pray and promote spirituality. | Core |
| Read from sacred texts, such as the Bible, Torah, or Koran. | Core |
| Prepare and deliver sermons or other talks. | Core |
| Organize and lead regular religious services. | Core |
| Share information about religious issues by writing articles, giving speeches, or teaching. | Core |
| Instruct people who seek conversion to a particular faith. | Core |
| Counsel individuals or groups concerning their spiritual, emotional, or personal needs. | Core |
| Visit people in homes, hospitals, or prisons to provide them with comfort and support. | Core |
| Train leaders of church, community, or youth groups. | Core |
| Administer religious rites or ordinances. | Core |
| Study and interpret religious laws, doctrines, or traditions. | Core |
| Conduct special ceremonies, such as weddings, funerals, or confirmations. | Core |
| Respond to requests for assistance during emergencies or crises. | Core |
| Devise ways in which congregational membership can be expanded. | Core |
| Collaborate with committees or individuals to address financial or administrative issues pertaining to congregations. | Core |
| Prepare people for participation in religious ceremonies. | Core |
| Perform administrative duties, such as overseeing building management, ordering supplies, contracting for services or repairs, or supervising the work of staff members or volunteers. | Core |
| Refer people to community support services, psychologists, or doctors. | Core |
| Participate in fundraising activities to support congregational activities or facilities. | Core |
| Plan or lead religious education programs. | Core |
| Organize or engage in interfaith, community, civic, educational, or recreational activities sponsored by or related to religious programs. | Core |
0.00/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Administer religious rites or ordinances. | E0 none |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 242K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 248K
- Change (2025–35)
- +2.4%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $60,810
- Typical education needed for entry
- Bachelor's degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 25411 | 목사 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 25412 | 신부 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 25413 | 승려 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 25414 | 교무 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 25419 | 그 외 성직자 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 43220 | 혼례 종사원 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2636Religious Professionals
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- minister of religionESCO 2636.2Same scope
Ministers of religion lead religious organisations or communities, perform spiritual and religious ceremonies and provide spiritual guidance to members of a particular religious group. They may undertake missionary work, pastoral or preaching work, or work within a religious order or community, such as a monastery or convent. Ministers of religion perform duties such as leading worship services, giving religious education, officiating at funerals and marriages, counselling congregation members and offer a range of other community services, both in conjunction with the organisation they work for, and through their own personal day to day activities.
- chaplainESCO 2636.1Overlapping, not the same
Chaplains perform religious activities in secular institutions. They perform counselling services and provide spiritual and emotional support to the people in the institution, as well as cooperate with priests or other religious officials to support religious activities in the community.
- missionaryESCO 2636.3Overlapping, not the same
Missionaries supervise the execution of missions of outreach from a church foundation. They organise the mission and develop the mission's goals and strategies, and ensure the mission's goals are executed, and policies implemented. They perform administrative duties for record maintenance, and facilitate communication with the relevant institutions in the mission's location.
- monk/nunESCO 3413.1Overlapping, not the same
Monks/nuns dedicate themselves to a monastic lifestyle. They vow to take part in sprititual works as part of their religious community. Monks/nuns take part in daily prayer and often live in self-sufficient monasteries or convents alongside other monks/nuns.
- pastoral workerESCO 3413.2Overlapping, not the same
Pastoral workers support religious communities. They provide spiritual education and guidance and implement programmes such as charity works and religious rites. Pastoral workers also assist ministers and help participants in the religious community with social, cultural or emotional problems.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| K1212 | Ministre du culte | Same scopeprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2830 | Sacerdotes de las distintas religiones | Same scope |
| 3716 | Auxiliares laicos de las religiones | Related, not a match |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 83314 | Berufe in der Theologie - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Same scope |
| 83394 | Führungskräfte - Theologie und Gemeindearbeit | This occupation is broader |
| 83333 | Angehörige geistlicher Orden und Mutterhäuser - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 83332 | Angehörige geistlicher Orden und Mutterhäuser - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 83384 | Berufe in der Theologie und Gemeindearbeit (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 201 | 宗教家 | Same scopeprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources