Judicial Law Clerks
Legal Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 23-1012.00
Assist judges in court or by conducting research or preparing legal documents.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.170
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.39
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only19 rated tasks · 16 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (84.2%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- 1 rated task is not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; its score is kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Prepare briefs, legal memoranda, or statements of issues involved in cases, including appropriate suggestions or recommendations.23-1012.00 | 0.010840.6 | —0 |
Review complaints, petitions, motions, or pleadings that have been filed to determine issues involved or basis for relief.23-1012.00 | 0.006022.6 | 0.002652.1 |
Research laws, court decisions, documents, opinions, briefs, or other information related to cases before the court.23-1012.00 | 0.004918.4 | 0.002447.9 |
Draft or proofread judicial opinions, decisions, or citations.23-1012.00 | 0.004918.4 | —0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 15 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Attend court sessions to hear oral arguments or record necessary case information. | —0 | —0 |
Confer with judges concerning legal questions, construction of documents, or granting of orders. | —0 | —0 |
Keep abreast of changes in the law and inform judges when cases are affected by such changes. | —0 | —0 |
Review dockets of pending litigation to ensure adequate progress. | —0 | —0 |
Verify that all files, complaints, or other papers are available and in the proper order. | —0 | —0 |
Respond to questions from judicial officers or court staff on general legal issues. | —0 | —0 |
Communicate with counsel regarding case management or procedural requirements. | —0 | —0 |
Participate in conferences or discussions between trial attorneys and judges. | —0 | —0 |
Compile court-related statistics. | —0 | —0 |
Coordinate judges' meeting and appointment schedules. | —0 | —0 |
Enter information into computerized court calendar, filing, or case management systems. | —0 | —0 |
Maintain judges' law libraries by assembling or updating appropriate documents. | —0 | —0 |
Perform courtroom duties, including calling calendars, administering oaths, and swearing in jury panels and witnesses. | —0 | —0 |
Prepare periodic reports on court proceedings, as required. | —0 | —0 |
Supervise law students, volunteers, or other personnel assigned to the court. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Draft or proofread judicial opinions, decisions, or citations.O*NET Task ID 19047 | 1.0 |
Verify that all files, complaints, or other papers are available and in the proper order.O*NET Task ID 19054 | 1.0 |
Enter information into computerized court calendar, filing, or case management systems.O*NET Task ID 19057 | 1.0 |
Attend court sessions to hear oral arguments or record necessary case information.O*NET Task ID 19044 | 0.5 |
Communicate with counsel regarding case management or procedural requirements.O*NET Task ID 19045 | 0.5 |
Confer with judges concerning legal questions, construction of documents, or granting of orders.O*NET Task ID 19046 | 0.5 |
Keep abreast of changes in the law and inform judges when cases are affected by such changes.O*NET Task ID 19048 | 0.5 |
Prepare briefs, legal memoranda, or statements of issues involved in cases, including appropriate suggestions or recommendations.O*NET Task ID 19050 | 0.5 |
Research laws, court decisions, documents, opinions, briefs, or other information related to cases before the court.O*NET Task ID 19051 | 0.5 |
Review complaints, petitions, motions, or pleadings that have been filed to determine issues involved or basis for relief.O*NET Task ID 19052 | 0.5 |
Review dockets of pending litigation to ensure adequate progress.O*NET Task ID 19053 | 0.5 |
Compile court-related statistics.O*NET Task ID 19055 | 0.5 |
Coordinate judges' meeting and appointment schedules.O*NET Task ID 19056 | 0.5 |
Maintain judges' law libraries by assembling or updating appropriate documents.O*NET Task ID 19058 | 0.5 |
Prepare periodic reports on court proceedings, as required.O*NET Task ID 19060 | 0.5 |
Respond to questions from judicial officers or court staff on general legal issues.O*NET Task ID 19061 | 0.5 |
Participate in conferences or discussions between trial attorneys and judges.O*NET Task ID 19049 | 0.0 |
Perform courtroom duties, including calling calendars, administering oaths, and swearing in jury panels and witnesses.O*NET Task ID 19059 | 0.0 |
Supervise law students, volunteers, or other personnel assigned to the court.O*NET Task ID 19062 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (18)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Attend court sessions to hear oral arguments or record necessary case information. | Core |
| Communicate with counsel regarding case management or procedural requirements. | Core |
| Confer with judges concerning legal questions, construction of documents, or granting of orders. | Core |
| Draft or proofread judicial opinions, decisions, or citations. | Core |
| Keep abreast of changes in the law and inform judges when cases are affected by such changes. | Core |
| Prepare briefs, legal memoranda, or statements of issues involved in cases, including appropriate suggestions or recommendations. | Core |
| Research laws, court decisions, documents, opinions, briefs, or other information related to cases before the court. | Core |
| Review complaints, petitions, motions, or pleadings that have been filed to determine issues involved or basis for relief. | Core |
| Review dockets of pending litigation to ensure adequate progress. | Core |
| Respond to questions from judicial officers or court staff on general legal issues. | Core |
| Participate in conferences or discussions between trial attorneys and judges. | Supplemental |
| Verify that all files, complaints, or other papers are available and in the proper order. | Supplemental |
| Coordinate judges' meeting and appointment schedules. | Supplemental |
| Enter information into computerized court calendar, filing, or case management systems. | Supplemental |
| Maintain judges' law libraries by assembling or updating appropriate documents. | Supplemental |
| Perform courtroom duties, including calling calendars, administering oaths, and swearing in jury panels and witnesses. | Supplemental |
| Prepare periodic reports on court proceedings, as required. | Supplemental |
| Supervise law students, volunteers, or other personnel assigned to the court. | Supplemental |
0.01/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Maintain judges' law libraries by assembling or updating appropriate documents. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 14K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 14K
- Change (2025–35)
- +2.8%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $64,920
- Typical education needed for entry
- Doctoral or professional degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 35111 | 법무 사무원 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 3411Legal and Related Associate Professionals
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Legal and related associate professionals perform support functions in courts of law or in law offices, provide services related to such legal matters as insurance contracts, the transferring of property and the granting of loans and other financial transactions or conduct investigations for clients.
Tasks
- (a) documenting court proceedings and judgements;
- (b) serving statements of claims, summonses, warrants, subpoenas and other court orders;
- (c) maintaining order in court and hearing rooms;
- (d) preparing legal documents including trial briefs, pleadings, appeals, wills and contracts and preparing, papers summarizing legal positions or setting out conditions of loans or insurance;
- (e) investigating facts, assembling evidence and researching relevant statutes, decisions and other legal documents to prepare cases;
- (f) advising clients on legal matters;
- (g) examining documentation such as mortgages, liens, judgements, easements, contracts and maps in order to verify properties’ legal descriptions and ownership;
- (h) preparing documents relating to transfer of real estate, stocks or other matters requiring formal registration;
- (i) investigating possible cases of theft of goods, money or information from business establishments and of other possible cases of unlawful behaviour by customers or employees;
- (j) investigating establishments or the circumstances and behaviour of persons on behalf of clients.
Example occupations
Bailiff · Conveyancing clerk · Court clerk · Judge’s clerk · Justice of the peace · Law clerk · Legal assistant · Paralegal · Private detective · Title searcher
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- court clerkESCO 3411.5Same scope
Court clerks provide assistance to judges in a court institution. They handle enquiries on court proceedings, and assist judges in various tasks such as performing legal research in preparation of cases or writing opinion pieces. They also contact parties involved in cases and brief judges and other court officials.
- legal assistantESCO 3411.7Overlapping, not the same
Legal assistants work closely together with lawyers and legal representatives in the research and preparation of cases brought to courts. They assist in the paper work of cases and management of the administrative side of court affairs.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| K1909 | Greffier / Greffière | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| M1612 | Assistant / Assistante de service juridique | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 3711 | Profesionales de apoyo de servicios jurídicos y servicios similares | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 73104 | Berufe in Rechtsberatung, -sprechung und -ordnung (ohne Spezialisierung) - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrower |
| 73253 | Berufe in der Justizverwaltung - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 179 | その他の法務従事者 | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources