Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers

O*NET-SOC code: 23-1021.00

Conduct hearings to recommend or make decisions on claims concerning government programs or other government-related matters. Determine liability, sanctions, or penalties, or recommend the acceptance or rejection of claims or settlements.

Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery high
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
Source dataset (XLSX download)
Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.305
0.000Range of values carried here0.745
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
Source dataset (CSV download)
Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.31
0.09Range of values carried here0.70
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
Source dataset (PDF download)

What kind of figure this source publishes

The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.

Task-level exposure

Exposed tasks only

14 rated tasks · 12 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (85.7%)

β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.

Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.

Source: OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
Release: gh-main-0471612
License: MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI

Task (O*NET 20.1)	Claude.aiRaw / share %
Determine existence and amount of liability according to current laws, administrative and judicial precedents, and available evidence. 23-1021.00	0.131268.2
Research and analyze laws, regulations, policies, and precedent decisions to prepare for hearings and to determine conclusions. 23-1021.00	0.033017.1
Prepare written opinions and decisions. 23-1021.00	0.028314.7
Not observed on any surface — 10 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states.
Review and evaluate data on documents, such as claim applications, birth or death certificates, and physician or employer records.	—0
Confer with individuals or organizations involved in cases to obtain relevant information.	—0
Recommend the acceptance or rejection of claims or compromise settlements according to laws, regulations, policies, and precedent decisions.	—0
Explain to claimants how they can appeal rulings that go against them.	—0
Monitor and direct the activities of trials and hearings to ensure that they are conducted fairly and that courts administer justice while safeguarding the legal rights of all involved parties.	—0
Conduct hearings to review and decide claims regarding issues such as social program eligibility, environmental protection, and enforcement of health and safety regulations.	—0
Rule on exceptions, motions, and admissibility of evidence.	—0
Issue subpoenas and administer oaths in preparation for formal hearings.	—0
Authorize payment of valid claims and determine method of payment.	—0
Conduct studies of appeals procedures in field agencies to ensure adherence to legal requirements and to facilitate determination of cases.	—0

Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.

Task (O*NET 27.2)	βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Prepare written opinions and decisions. O*NET Task ID 7617	1.0
Explain to claimants how they can appeal rulings that go against them. O*NET Task ID 7622	1.0
Review and evaluate data on documents, such as claim applications, birth or death certificates, or physician or employer records. O*NET Task ID 7618	0.5
Research and analyze laws, regulations, policies, and precedent decisions to prepare for hearings and to determine conclusions. O*NET Task ID 7619	0.5
Confer with individuals or organizations involved in cases to obtain relevant information. O*NET Task ID 7620	0.5
Recommend the acceptance or rejection of claims or compromise settlements according to laws, regulations, policies, and precedent decisions. O*NET Task ID 7621	0.5
Authorize payment of valid claims and determine method of payment. O*NET Task ID 7624	0.5
Conduct hearings to review and decide claims regarding issues, such as social program eligibility, environmental protection, or enforcement of health and safety regulations. O*NET Task ID 7625	0.5
Rule on exceptions, motions, and admissibility of evidence. O*NET Task ID 7626	0.5
Determine existence and amount of liability according to current laws, administrative and judicial precedents, and available evidence. O*NET Task ID 7627	0.5
Conduct studies of appeals procedures in field agencies to ensure adherence to legal requirements and to facilitate determination of cases. O*NET Task ID 7629	0.5
Schedule hearings. O*NET Task ID 21181	0.5
Show 2 more tasks ▾Show less ▴
Monitor and direct the activities of trials and hearings to ensure that they are conducted fairly and that courts administer justice while safeguarding the legal rights of all involved parties. O*NET Task ID 7623	0.0
Issue subpoenas and administer oaths in preparation for formal hearings. O*NET Task ID 7628	0.0

β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

All O*NET 31.0 task statements (14)

All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.

Task (O*NET 31.0)	Type
Prepare written opinions and decisions.	Core
Review and evaluate data on documents, such as claim applications, birth or death certificates, or physician or employer records.	Core
Research and analyze laws, regulations, policies, and precedent decisions to prepare for hearings and to determine conclusions.	Core
Explain to claimants how they can appeal rulings that go against them.	Core
Monitor and direct the activities of trials and hearings to ensure that they are conducted fairly and that courts administer justice while safeguarding the legal rights of all involved parties.	Core
Conduct hearings to review and decide claims regarding issues, such as social program eligibility, environmental protection, or enforcement of health and safety regulations.	Core
Rule on exceptions, motions, and admissibility of evidence.	Core
Determine existence and amount of liability according to current laws, administrative and judicial precedents, and available evidence.	Core
Issue subpoenas and administer oaths in preparation for formal hearings.	Core
Schedule hearings.	Core
Confer with individuals or organizations involved in cases to obtain relevant information.	Supplemental
Recommend the acceptance or rejection of claims or compromise settlements according to laws, regulations, policies, and precedent decisions.	Supplemental
Authorize payment of valid claims and determine method of payment.	Supplemental
Conduct studies of appeals procedures in field agencies to ensure adherence to legal requirements and to facilitate determination of cases.	Supplemental

Employment outlook (BLS)

Employment, 2025: 17K
Projected employment, 2035: 17K
Change (2025–35): +0%
Median annual wage, 2025: $117,860
Typical education needed for entry: Doctoral or professional degree

lowest $30,890median wage across 825 detailed occupations, BLS EP 2025–35highest $559,030

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — Employment by detailed occupation, 2025 and projected 2035

Korea classification links (KSCO)

Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.

KSCO code	KSCO title	Relation	Status
27111	판사	Related, not a match	confirmed

Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)

ILO occupational description

AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.

ISCO-08 2612Judges

The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.

Judges preside over civil and criminal proceedings in courts of law.

Tasks

(a) presiding over trials and hearings;
(b) interpreting and enforcing rules of procedure and making rulings regarding the admissibility of evidence;
(c) determining the rights and obligations of the parties involved, and, in cases tried by jury;
(d) instructing the jury on points of law that are applicable to the case;
(e) weighing and considering evidence in non-jury trials and deciding legal guilt or innocence or degree of liability of the accused or defendant;
(f) passing sentence on persons convicted in criminal cases, determining damages or other appropriate remedy in civil cases and issuing court orders;
(g) researching legal issues and writing opinions on the issues.

Example occupations

Chief justice · Judge · Magistrate

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO occupational vocabulary

Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.

judgeESCO 2612.1This occupation is narrower
Judges preside over, review and handle court cases, hearings, appeals and trials. They ensure that court procedures conform to conventional legal processes and review evidence and juries. Judges preside over cases involving such areas as crime, family issues, civil law, small claims and juvenile offenses.
justice of the peaceESCO 2612.2Overlapping, not the same
Justices of the peace deal with small claims and disputes, and minor offences. They ensure the keeping of the peace within their jurisdiction, and provide mediation between disputing parties.
supreme court judgeESCO 2612.1.1Overlapping, not the same
Supreme court judges preside in high courts, dealing with complex criminal and civil cases. They examine the case during trials in order to formulate a sentence or to direct a jury in reaching a conclusion, and decide on any punishments if an offending party is found guilty. They rule proceedings and ensure the trial is held in a fair manner compliant with legislation.

Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

View original

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

France classification links (ROME)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.

ROME code	ROME title (French)	Relation
K1904	Juge	Related, not a matchprovisional
K1910	Commissaire à la Cour des comptes	Related, not a matchprovisional

Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.

ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)

Spain classification links (CNO-11)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

CNO-11 code	CNO-11 title (Spanish)	Relation
2513	Jueces y magistrados	Related, not a match

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)

Germany classification links (KldB)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

KldB code	KldB title (German)	Relation
73154	Richter/innen - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten	Related, not a match
73184	Berufe in Rechtsberatung, -sprechung und -ordnung (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten	Related, not a match

Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)

Japan classification links (JSCO)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

JSCO code	JSCO title (Japanese)	Relation
179	その他の法務従事者	This occupation is narrowerprovisional
171	裁判官	Related, not a matchprovisional

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)

Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources