Arbitrators, Mediators, and Conciliators
Legal Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 23-1022.00
Facilitate negotiation and conflict resolution through dialogue. Resolve conflicts outside of the court system by mutual consent of parties involved.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.243
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.37
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only20 rated tasks · 18 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (90.0%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Prepare written opinions or decisions regarding cases.23-1022.00 | 0.054255.6 | —0 |
Use mediation techniques to facilitate communication between disputants, to further parties' understanding of different perspectives, and to guide parties toward mutual agreement.23-1022.00 | 0.023424.0 | 0.004939.7 |
Research laws, regulations, policies, or precedent decisions to prepare for hearings.23-1022.00 | 0.00818.3 | 0.003124.8 |
Apply relevant laws, regulations, policies, or precedents to reach conclusions.23-1022.00 | 0.00596.1 | 0.002419.0 |
Confer with disputants to clarify issues, identify underlying concerns, and develop an understanding of their respective needs and interests.23-1022.00 | 0.00596.1 | —0 |
Evaluate information from documents such as claim applications, birth or death certificates, or physician or employer records. | —0 | 0.002116.5 |
| Not observed on any surface — 14 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Set up appointments for parties to meet for mediation. | —0 | —0 |
Prepare settlement agreements for disputants to sign. | —0 | —0 |
Interview claimants, agents, or witnesses to obtain information about disputed issues. | —0 | —0 |
Conduct initial meetings with disputants to outline the arbitration process, settle procedural matters such as fees, or determine details such as witness numbers or time requirements. | —0 | —0 |
Organize or deliver public presentations about mediation to organizations such as community agencies or schools. | —0 | —0 |
Rule on exceptions, motions, or admissibility of evidence. | —0 | —0 |
Recommend acceptance or rejection of compromise settlement offers. | —0 | —0 |
Participate in court proceedings. | —0 | —0 |
Issue subpoenas or administer oaths to prepare for formal hearings. | —0 | —0 |
Authorize payment of valid claims. | —0 | —0 |
Conduct studies of appeals procedures to ensure adherence to legal requirements or to facilitate disposition of cases. | —0 | —0 |
Specialize in the negotiation and resolution of environmental conflicts involving issues such as natural resource allocation or regional development planning. | —0 | —0 |
Conduct hearings to obtain information or evidence relative to disposition of claims. | —0 | —0 |
Determine extent of liability according to evidence, laws, or administrative or judicial precedents. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Organize or deliver public presentations about mediation to organizations, such as community agencies or schools.O*NET Task ID 12997 | 1.0 |
Prepare written opinions or decisions regarding cases.O*NET Task ID 12999 | 1.0 |
Confer with disputants to clarify issues, identify underlying concerns, and develop an understanding of their respective needs and interests.O*NET Task ID 12993 | 0.5 |
Use mediation techniques to facilitate communication between disputants, to further parties' understanding of different perspectives, and to guide parties toward mutual agreement.O*NET Task ID 12994 | 0.5 |
Set up appointments for parties to meet for mediation.O*NET Task ID 12995 | 0.5 |
Prepare settlement agreements for disputants to sign.O*NET Task ID 12996 | 0.5 |
Rule on exceptions, motions, or admissibility of evidence.O*NET Task ID 13001 | 0.5 |
Evaluate information from documents, such as claim applications, birth or death certificates, or physician or employer records.O*NET Task ID 13003 | 0.5 |
Interview claimants, agents, or witnesses to obtain information about disputed issues.O*NET Task ID 13004 | 0.5 |
Research laws, regulations, policies, or precedent decisions to prepare for hearings.O*NET Task ID 13005 | 0.5 |
Recommend acceptance or rejection of compromise settlement offers.O*NET Task ID 13007 | 0.5 |
Conduct initial meetings with disputants to outline the arbitration process, settle procedural matters, such as fees, or determine details, such as witness numbers or time requirements.O*NET Task ID 13008 | 0.5 |
Authorize payment of valid claims.O*NET Task ID 13011 | 0.5 |
Conduct studies of appeals procedures to ensure adherence to legal requirements or to facilitate disposition of cases.O*NET Task ID 13012 | 0.5 |
Specialize in the negotiation and resolution of environmental conflicts involving issues such as natural resource allocation or regional development planning.O*NET Task ID 19807 | 0.5 |
Apply relevant laws, regulations, policies, or precedents to reach conclusions.O*NET Task ID 20238 | 0.5 |
Conduct hearings to obtain information or evidence relative to disposition of claims.O*NET Task ID 20239 | 0.5 |
Determine extent of liability according to evidence, laws, or administrative or judicial precedents.O*NET Task ID 20240 | 0.5 |
Participate in court proceedings.O*NET Task ID 13009 | 0.0 |
Issue subpoenas or administer oaths to prepare for formal hearings.O*NET Task ID 13010 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (20)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Confer with disputants to clarify issues, identify underlying concerns, and develop an understanding of their respective needs and interests. | Core |
| Use mediation techniques to facilitate communication between disputants, to further parties' understanding of different perspectives, and to guide parties toward mutual agreement. | Core |
| Set up appointments for parties to meet for mediation. | Core |
| Prepare settlement agreements for disputants to sign. | Core |
| Prepare written opinions or decisions regarding cases. | Core |
| Rule on exceptions, motions, or admissibility of evidence. | Core |
| Evaluate information from documents, such as claim applications, birth or death certificates, or physician or employer records. | Core |
| Research laws, regulations, policies, or precedent decisions to prepare for hearings. | Core |
| Recommend acceptance or rejection of compromise settlement offers. | Core |
| Conduct initial meetings with disputants to outline the arbitration process, settle procedural matters, such as fees, or determine details, such as witness numbers or time requirements. | Core |
| Issue subpoenas or administer oaths to prepare for formal hearings. | Core |
| Authorize payment of valid claims. | Core |
| Apply relevant laws, regulations, policies, or precedents to reach conclusions. | Core |
| Conduct hearings to obtain information or evidence relative to disposition of claims. | Core |
| Determine extent of liability according to evidence, laws, or administrative or judicial precedents. | Core |
| Organize or deliver public presentations about mediation to organizations, such as community agencies or schools. | Supplemental |
| Interview claimants, agents, or witnesses to obtain information about disputed issues. | Supplemental |
| Participate in court proceedings. | Supplemental |
| Conduct studies of appeals procedures to ensure adherence to legal requirements or to facilitate disposition of cases. | Supplemental |
| Specialize in the negotiation and resolution of environmental conflicts involving issues such as natural resource allocation or regional development planning. | Supplemental |
0.00/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
None of this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks is classified as a physical task.
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 11K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 11K
- Change (2025–35)
- +4.7%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $75,530
- Typical education needed for entry
- Bachelor's degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 27190 | 그 외 법률 전문가 | This occupation is narrower | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2619Legal Professionals Not Elsewhere Classified
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
This unit group covers legal professionals not classified elsewhere in Minor Group 261: Legal professionals. For instance, the group includes those who perform legal functions other than pleading or prosecuting cases or presiding over judicial proceedings.
Tasks
- In such cases tasks would include:
- (a) giving advice on legal aspects of various personal, business and administrative problems;
- (b) drawing up legal documents and contracts;
- (c) arranging property transfers;
- (d) determining, by inquest, the causes of any death not obviously due to natural causes.
Example occupations
Coroner · Jurist (except lawyer or judge) · Notary
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
ISCO-08 2619
- election observerESCO 2619.3
Election observers are skilled and trained spectators of the elections in a functioning democracy in order to enhance the transparency and credibility of the observed elections.
- legal consultantESCO 2619.5
Legal consultants advise a varied array of clients ranging from business, individuals, up to legal firms. They provide legal advisory outside courtrooms in relation to legal affairs which depend on the nature of the client. They advise in matters such as merging of multinationals, housing purchase, modification of contracts and its implications. They help clients in general to abide by the regulations and avoid committing illegal acts.
- mediatorESCO 2619.7
Mediators resolve disputes between two parties by examining the case, interviewing both parties, and advising on a solution which would be the most beneficial for them. They listen to both parties in order to facilitate communication and find a fair agreement and organise meetings. They aim at resolving disputes through dialogue and alternative solution without having to take the case to litigation and courts. Mediators ensure that the resolution is compliant with legal regulations and is also enforced.
- ombudsmanESCO 2619.9
Ombudsmen resolve disputes between two parties where there is a power imbalance, as an impartial mediator. They interview the parties involved and investigate the case in order to come to a resolution beneficial to both parties. They advise on conflict resolution and offer support to clients. The claims are mostly against public institutions and authorities.
- court jury coordinatorESCO 2619.2
Court jury coordinators aid lawyers in the preparation of the trial by researching jury members. They aid in the development of trial strategies, analyse the jury's behaviour during a trial, and advise lawyers on proceedings. They also assist in preparing witnesses and constructing arguments.
- regulatory affairs managerESCO 2619.10
Regulatory affairs managers are in charge of regulatory and legal affairs in several sectors such as the healthcare, energy and banking industries. They oversee the development of products and services from inception to market release by making sure everything complies with the local legislation and meets regulatory requirements. They have experience in the different phases of regulatory processes and act as an interface between business and government legislation or regulatory boards.
- legislative drafterESCO 2619.6
Legislative drafters research pieces of legislations and edit them in order to make them stronger and more clear. Rarely they also add new ideas which have never been incorporated into a law or a bill before.
- human rights officerESCO 2619.4
Human rights officers investigate and handle human rights violations, as well as develop plans to reduce violations and to ensure compliance to human rights legislation. They investigate complaints by examining information and interviewing victims and perpetrators, and communicate with organisations involved with human rights activities.
- coronerESCO 2619.1
Coroners oversee the examination of deceased individuals in order to determine the cause of death in uncommon circumstances. They ensure records are maintained of the deaths within their jurisdiction, and facilitate communication with other officials to ensure the investigation is complete.
- notaryESCO 2619.8
Notaries ensure the authenticity and legitimacy of official documents such as declarations, certificates, contracts, deeds and purchases. They examine the documents, witness the signing and authenticate them. They administer oaths and affirmations and perform other acts of notarisation.
ESCO occupations that ESCO classifies under the ISCO-08 unit groups linked above; they are not matched to this occupation one by one.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| K1229 | Médiateur administratif / Médiatrice administrative | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| K1913 | Médiateur / Médiatrice judiciaire | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| K1101 | Conseiller conjugal et familial / Conseillère conjugale et familiale | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2599 | Profesionales del derecho no clasificados bajo otros epígrafes | Related, not a match |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 73184 | Berufe in Rechtsberatung, -sprechung und -ordnung (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
| 83154 | Berufe in der Sozial-, Erziehungs- und Suchtberatung - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 179 | その他の法務従事者 | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 173 | 弁護士 | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources