Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers
Legal Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 23-2093.00
Search real estate records, examine titles, or summarize pertinent legal or insurance documents or details for a variety of purposes. May compile lists of mortgages, contracts, and other instruments pertaining to titles by searching public and private records for law firms, real estate agencies, or title insurance companies.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.022
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.39
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only17 rated tasks · 16 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (94.1%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Prepare real estate closing statements, using knowledge and expertise in real estate procedures.23-2093.00 | 0.010879.0 |
Summarize pertinent legal or insurance details, or sections of statutes or case law from reference books so that they can be used in examinations, or as proofs or ready reference.23-2093.00 | 0.002921.0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 15 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | |
Prepare lists of all legal instruments applying to a specific piece of land and the buildings on it. | —0 |
Examine documentation such as mortgages, liens, judgments, easements, plat books, maps, contracts, and agreements to verify factors such as properties' legal descriptions, ownership, or restrictions. | —0 |
Read search requests to ascertain types of title evidence required and to obtain descriptions of properties and names of involved parties. | —0 |
Copy or summarize recorded documents, such as mortgages, trust deeds, and contracts, that affect property titles. | —0 |
Examine individual titles to determine if restrictions, such as delinquent taxes, will affect titles and limit property use. | —0 |
Prepare reports describing any title encumbrances encountered during searching activities, and outlining actions needed to clear titles. | —0 |
Verify accuracy and completeness of land-related documents accepted for registration, preparing rejection notices when documents are not acceptable. | —0 |
Confer with realtors, lending institution personnel, buyers, sellers, contractors, surveyors, and courthouse personnel to exchange title-related information or to resolve problems. | —0 |
Enter into record-keeping systems appropriate data needed to create new title records or update existing ones. | —0 |
Direct activities of workers who search records and examine titles, assigning, scheduling, and evaluating work, and providing technical guidance as necessary. | —0 |
Obtain maps or drawings delineating properties from company title plants, county surveyors, or assessors' offices. | —0 |
Prepare and issue title commitments and title insurance policies based on information compiled from title searches. | —0 |
Retrieve and examine real estate closing files for accuracy and to ensure that information included is recorded and executed according to regulations. | —0 |
Determine whether land-related documents can be registered under the relevant legislation such as the Land Titles Act. | —0 |
Assess fees related to registration of property-related documents. | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Read search requests to ascertain types of title evidence required and to obtain descriptions of properties and names of involved parties.O*NET Task ID 9232 | 1.0 |
Copy or summarize recorded documents, such as mortgages, trust deeds, and contracts, that affect property titles.O*NET Task ID 9233 | 1.0 |
Enter into record-keeping systems appropriate data needed to create new title records or to update existing ones.O*NET Task ID 9238 | 1.0 |
Prepare lists of all legal instruments applying to a specific piece of land and the buildings on it.O*NET Task ID 9230 | 0.5 |
Examine documentation such as mortgages, liens, judgments, easements, plat books, maps, contracts, and agreements to verify factors such as properties' legal descriptions, ownership, or restrictions.O*NET Task ID 9231 | 0.5 |
Examine individual titles to determine if restrictions, such as delinquent taxes, will affect titles and limit property use.O*NET Task ID 9234 | 0.5 |
Prepare reports describing any title encumbrances encountered during searching activities and outlining actions needed to clear titles.O*NET Task ID 9235 | 0.5 |
Verify accuracy and completeness of land-related documents accepted for registration, preparing rejection notices when documents are not acceptable.O*NET Task ID 9236 | 0.5 |
Direct activities of workers who search records and examine titles, assigning, scheduling, and evaluating work, and providing technical guidance as necessary.O*NET Task ID 9239 | 0.5 |
Obtain maps or drawings delineating properties from company title plants, county surveyors, or assessors' offices.O*NET Task ID 9240 | 0.5 |
Prepare and issue title commitments and title insurance policies, based on information compiled from title searches.O*NET Task ID 9241 | 0.5 |
Summarize pertinent legal or insurance details, or sections of statutes or case law from reference books for use in examinations or as proofs or ready reference.O*NET Task ID 9242 | 0.5 |
Retrieve and examine real estate closing files for accuracy and to ensure that information included is recorded and executed according to regulations.O*NET Task ID 9243 | 0.5 |
Prepare real estate closing statements, using knowledge and expertise in real estate procedures.O*NET Task ID 9244 | 0.5 |
Determine whether land-related documents can be registered under the relevant legislation, such as the Land Titles Act.O*NET Task ID 9245 | 0.5 |
Assess fees related to registration of property-related documents.O*NET Task ID 9246 | 0.5 |
Confer with realtors, lending institution personnel, buyers, sellers, contractors, surveyors, and courthouse personnel to exchange title-related information or to resolve problems.O*NET Task ID 9237 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (17)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Prepare lists of all legal instruments applying to a specific piece of land and the buildings on it. | Core |
| Examine documentation such as mortgages, liens, judgments, easements, plat books, maps, contracts, and agreements to verify factors such as properties' legal descriptions, ownership, or restrictions. | Core |
| Read search requests to ascertain types of title evidence required and to obtain descriptions of properties and names of involved parties. | Core |
| Copy or summarize recorded documents, such as mortgages, trust deeds, and contracts, that affect property titles. | Core |
| Examine individual titles to determine if restrictions, such as delinquent taxes, will affect titles and limit property use. | Core |
| Prepare reports describing any title encumbrances encountered during searching activities and outlining actions needed to clear titles. | Core |
| Verify accuracy and completeness of land-related documents accepted for registration, preparing rejection notices when documents are not acceptable. | Core |
| Confer with realtors, lending institution personnel, buyers, sellers, contractors, surveyors, and courthouse personnel to exchange title-related information or to resolve problems. | Core |
| Enter into record-keeping systems appropriate data needed to create new title records or to update existing ones. | Core |
| Direct activities of workers who search records and examine titles, assigning, scheduling, and evaluating work, and providing technical guidance as necessary. | Core |
| Obtain maps or drawings delineating properties from company title plants, county surveyors, or assessors' offices. | Core |
| Prepare and issue title commitments and title insurance policies, based on information compiled from title searches. | Core |
| Summarize pertinent legal or insurance details, or sections of statutes or case law from reference books for use in examinations or as proofs or ready reference. | Core |
| Retrieve and examine real estate closing files for accuracy and to ensure that information included is recorded and executed according to regulations. | Core |
| Prepare real estate closing statements, using knowledge and expertise in real estate procedures. | Supplemental |
| Determine whether land-related documents can be registered under the relevant legislation, such as the Land Titles Act. | Supplemental |
| Assess fees related to registration of property-related documents. | Supplemental |
0.00/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
None of this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks is classified as a physical task.
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 60K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 61K
- Change (2025–35)
- +2.1%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $58,650
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 27131 | 법무사 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 3411Legal and Related Associate Professionals
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Legal and related associate professionals perform support functions in courts of law or in law offices, provide services related to such legal matters as insurance contracts, the transferring of property and the granting of loans and other financial transactions or conduct investigations for clients.
Tasks
- (a) documenting court proceedings and judgements;
- (b) serving statements of claims, summonses, warrants, subpoenas and other court orders;
- (c) maintaining order in court and hearing rooms;
- (d) preparing legal documents including trial briefs, pleadings, appeals, wills and contracts and preparing, papers summarizing legal positions or setting out conditions of loans or insurance;
- (e) investigating facts, assembling evidence and researching relevant statutes, decisions and other legal documents to prepare cases;
- (f) advising clients on legal matters;
- (g) examining documentation such as mortgages, liens, judgements, easements, contracts and maps in order to verify properties’ legal descriptions and ownership;
- (h) preparing documents relating to transfer of real estate, stocks or other matters requiring formal registration;
- (i) investigating possible cases of theft of goods, money or information from business establishments and of other possible cases of unlawful behaviour by customers or employees;
- (j) investigating establishments or the circumstances and behaviour of persons on behalf of clients.
Example occupations
Bailiff · Conveyancing clerk · Court clerk · Judge’s clerk · Justice of the peace · Law clerk · Legal assistant · Paralegal · Private detective · Title searcher
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- title closerESCO 3334.2.1This occupation is broader
Title closers handle and investigate all documentation needed for a property sale including the contracts, settlement statements, mortgages, title insurance policies, etc. They ensure compliance with legal requirements and review all the fees related to the real estate sales process.
- conveyance clerkESCO 3411.2Overlapping, not the same
Conveyance clerks provide services for the legal transference of legal titles and properties from one party to another. They exchange the necessary contracts and ensure all properties, titles and rights are transfered.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| K1508 | Agent / Agente de conservation des hypothèques | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| K1902 | Clerc de notaire | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| K1912 | Formaliste | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 3711 | Profesionales de apoyo de servicios jurídicos y servicios similares | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 2591 | Notarios y registradores | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 73112 | Assistenzkräfte in Rechtsanwaltskanzlei und Notariat - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 175 | 司法書士 | Related, not a match |
| 259 | その他の一般事務従事者 | Related, not a match |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources