English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary
Educational Instruction and Library Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 25-1123.00
Teach courses in English language and literature, including linguistics and comparative literature. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.362
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.37
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only33 rated tasks · 27 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (81.8%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Assist students who need extra help with their coursework outside of class.25-1123.00 | 1.969762.0 | 0.179131.3 |
Advise students on academic and vocational curricula and on career issues.25-1123.00 | 0.21566.8 | 0.01071.9 |
Evaluate and grade students' class work, assignments, and papers.25-1123.00 | 0.16955.3 | 0.130422.8 |
Provide professional consulting services to government or industry.25-1123.00 | 0.16565.2 | 0.01662.9 |
Conduct research in a particular field of knowledge and publish findings in professional journals, books, or electronic media.25-1123.00 | 0.14894.7 | 0.089415.6 |
Provide assistance to students in college writing centers.25-1123.00 | 0.11043.5 | 0.01322.3 |
Compile, administer, and grade examinations, or assign this work to others.25-1123.00 | 0.07912.5 | 0.070712.3 |
Plan, evaluate, and revise curricula, course content, course materials, and methods of instruction.25-1123.00 | 0.05631.8 | 0.00731.3 |
Prepare and deliver lectures to undergraduate or graduate students on topics such as poetry, novel structure, and translation and adaptation.25-1123.00 | 0.05121.6 | 0.00581.0 |
Write original literary pieces.25-1123.00 | 0.05031.6 | 0.01322.3 |
Prepare course materials such as syllabi, homework assignments, and handouts.25-1123.00 | 0.02580.8 | 0.00581.0 |
Compile bibliographies of specialized materials for outside reading assignments.25-1123.00 | 0.02330.7 | 0.00571.0 |
Initiate, facilitate, and moderate classroom discussions.25-1123.00 | 0.02170.7 | 0.00480.8 |
Keep abreast of developments in the field by reading current literature, talking with colleagues, and participating in professional conferences.25-1123.00 | 0.01170.4 | 0.00220.4 |
Perform administrative duties such as serving as department head.25-1123.00 | 0.01140.4 | 0.00641.1 |
Select and obtain materials and supplies such as textbooks.25-1123.00 | 0.01060.3 | 0.00430.8 |
Act as advisers to student organizations.25-1123.00 | 0.00980.3 | —0 |
Maintain regularly scheduled office hours to advise and assist students.25-1123.00 | 0.00900.3 | 0.00160.3 |
Collaborate with colleagues to address teaching and research issues.25-1123.00 | 0.00850.3 | —0 |
Participate in student recruitment, registration, and placement activities.25-1123.00 | 0.00730.2 | 0.00530.9 |
Write grant proposals to procure external research funding.25-1123.00 | 0.00650.2 | —0 |
Supervise undergraduate or graduate teaching, internship, and research work.25-1123.00 | 0.00470.1 | —0 |
Teach writing classes.25-1123.00 | 0.00340.1 | —0 |
Participate in campus and community events.25-1123.00 | 0.00300.1 | —0 |
Serve on academic or administrative committees that deal with institutional policies, departmental matters, and academic issues.25-1123.00 | 0.00210.1 | —0 |
Participate in cultural and literary activities, such as traveling abroad and attending performing arts events.25-1123.00 | 0.00150.0 | —0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 4 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Maintain student attendance records, grades, and other required records. | —0 | —0 |
Recruit, train, and supervise department personnel, such as faculty and student writing instructors. | —0 | —0 |
Conduct staff performance evaluations. | —0 | —0 |
Teach classes using online technology. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Prepare course materials, such as syllabi, homework assignments, and handouts.O*NET Task ID 6312 | 1.0 |
Maintain student attendance records, grades, and other required records.O*NET Task ID 6314 | 1.0 |
Collaborate with colleagues to address teaching and research issues.O*NET Task ID 6322 | 1.0 |
Compile bibliographies of specialized materials for outside reading assignments.O*NET Task ID 6326 | 1.0 |
Write grant proposals to procure external research funding.O*NET Task ID 6332 | 1.0 |
Write original literary pieces.O*NET Task ID 20095 | 1.0 |
Conduct staff performance evaluations.O*NET Task ID 20097 | 1.0 |
Write letters of recommendation for students.O*NET Task ID 21129 | 1.0 |
Review manuscripts for publication in professional journals.O*NET Task ID 21130 | 1.0 |
Evaluate and grade students' class work, assignments, and papers.O*NET Task ID 6311 | 0.5 |
Prepare and deliver lectures to undergraduate or graduate students on topics such as poetry, novel structure, and translation and adaptation.O*NET Task ID 6313 | 0.5 |
Plan, evaluate, and revise curricula, course content, course materials, and methods of instruction.O*NET Task ID 6315 | 0.5 |
Compile, administer, and grade examinations, or assign this work to others.O*NET Task ID 6316 | 0.5 |
Keep abreast of developments in the field by reading current literature, talking with colleagues, and participating in professional conferences.O*NET Task ID 6318 | 0.5 |
Select and obtain materials and supplies, such as textbooks.O*NET Task ID 6319 | 0.5 |
Advise students on academic and vocational curricula and on career issues.O*NET Task ID 6320 | 0.5 |
Conduct research in a particular field of knowledge and publish findings in professional journals, books, or electronic media.O*NET Task ID 6321 | 0.5 |
Participate in student recruitment, registration, and placement activities.O*NET Task ID 6325 | 0.5 |
Supervise undergraduate or graduate teaching, internship, and research work.O*NET Task ID 6327 | 0.5 |
Provide assistance to students in college writing centers.O*NET Task ID 6328 | 0.5 |
Perform administrative duties, such as serving as department head.O*NET Task ID 6329 | 0.5 |
Provide professional consulting services to government or industry.O*NET Task ID 6333 | 0.5 |
Assist students who need extra help with their coursework outside of class.O*NET Task ID 20093 | 0.5 |
Recruit, train, and supervise department personnel, such as faculty and student writing instructors.O*NET Task ID 20096 | 0.5 |
Teach classes using online technology.O*NET Task ID 20098 | 0.5 |
Teach writing or communication classes.O*NET Task ID 21127 | 0.5 |
Schedule courses.O*NET Task ID 21128 | 0.5 |
Initiate, facilitate, and moderate classroom discussions.O*NET Task ID 6310 | 0.0 |
Maintain regularly scheduled office hours to advise and assist students.O*NET Task ID 6317 | 0.0 |
Serve on academic or administrative committees that deal with institutional policies, departmental matters, and academic issues.O*NET Task ID 6323 | 0.0 |
Participate in campus and community events.O*NET Task ID 6324 | 0.0 |
Act as advisers to student organizations.O*NET Task ID 6331 | 0.0 |
Participate in cultural and literary activities, such as traveling abroad and attending performing arts events.O*NET Task ID 20094 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (33)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Initiate, facilitate, and moderate classroom discussions. | Core |
| Evaluate and grade students' class work, assignments, and papers. | Core |
| Prepare course materials, such as syllabi, homework assignments, and handouts. | Core |
| Prepare and deliver lectures to undergraduate or graduate students on topics such as poetry, novel structure, and translation and adaptation. | Core |
| Maintain student attendance records, grades, and other required records. | Core |
| Plan, evaluate, and revise curricula, course content, course materials, and methods of instruction. | Core |
| Compile, administer, and grade examinations, or assign this work to others. | Core |
| Maintain regularly scheduled office hours to advise and assist students. | Core |
| Keep abreast of developments in the field by reading current literature, talking with colleagues, and participating in professional conferences. | Core |
| Select and obtain materials and supplies, such as textbooks. | Core |
| Advise students on academic and vocational curricula and on career issues. | Core |
| Conduct research in a particular field of knowledge and publish findings in professional journals, books, or electronic media. | Core |
| Collaborate with colleagues to address teaching and research issues. | Core |
| Serve on academic or administrative committees that deal with institutional policies, departmental matters, and academic issues. | Core |
| Participate in campus and community events. | Core |
| Participate in student recruitment, registration, and placement activities. | Core |
| Compile bibliographies of specialized materials for outside reading assignments. | Core |
| Assist students who need extra help with their coursework outside of class. | Core |
| Participate in cultural and literary activities, such as traveling abroad and attending performing arts events. | Core |
| Teach classes using online technology. | Core |
| Teach writing or communication classes. | Core |
| Schedule courses. | Core |
| Write letters of recommendation for students. | Core |
| Supervise undergraduate or graduate teaching, internship, and research work. | Supplemental |
| Provide assistance to students in college writing centers. | Supplemental |
| Perform administrative duties, such as serving as department head. | Supplemental |
| Act as advisers to student organizations. | Supplemental |
| Write grant proposals to procure external research funding. | Supplemental |
| Provide professional consulting services to government or industry. | Supplemental |
| Write original literary pieces. | Supplemental |
| Recruit, train, and supervise department personnel, such as faculty and student writing instructors. | Supplemental |
| Conduct staff performance evaluations. | Supplemental |
| Review manuscripts for publication in professional journals. | Supplemental |
0.00/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
None of this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks is classified as a physical task.
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 69K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 69K
- Change (2025–35)
- +0%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $78,760
- Typical education needed for entry
- Doctoral or professional degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 26112 | 예술 및 인문학 교수 | This occupation is narrower | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2310University and Higher Education Teachers
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
University and higher education teachers prepare and deliver lectures and conduct tutorials in one or more subjects within a prescribed course of study at a university or other higher educational institution. They conduct research, and prepare scholarly papers and books.
Tasks
- (a) designing and modifying curricula and preparing courses of study in accordance with requirements;
- (b) preparing and delivering lectures and conducting tutorials, seminars and laboratory experiments;
- (c) stimulating discussion and independent thought among students;
- (d) supervising, where appropriate, experimental and practical work undertaken by students;
- (e) administering, evaluating and marking examination papers and tests;
- (f) directing research of post-graduate students or other members of department;
- (g) researching into and developing concepts, theories and operational methods for application in industrial and other fields;
- (h) preparing scholarly books, papers or articles;
- (i) participating in departmental and faculty meetings and in conferences and seminars;
Example occupations
Higher education lecturer · Professor · University lecturer · University tutor
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- university literature lecturerESCO 2310.1.40This occupation is narrower
University literature lecturers are subject professors, teachers, or lecturers who instruct students who have obtained an upper secondary education diploma in their own specialised field of study, literature, which is predominantly academic in nature. They work with their university research assistants and university teaching assistants in the preparation of lectures and of exams, in grading papers and exams and in leading review and feedback sessions for the students. They also conduct academic research in their respective field of literature, publish their findings and liaise with other university colleagues.
- literary scholarESCO 2641.3This occupation is broader
Literary scholars research works of literature, history of literature, genres, and literary criticism in order to appraise the works and the surrounding aspects in an appropriate context and to produce research results on specific topics in the field of literature.
- language school teacherESCO 2353.1Overlapping, not the same
Language school teachers educate non-age-specific students in a language that is not their native language at a specialised school, not bound by a level of education. They focus less on the academic aspect of language teaching, as opposed to language teachers in secondary or higher education, but instead on the theory and practice that will be most helpful to their students in real-life situations since most choose instruction for either business, immigration or leisure reasons. They organise their classes using a variety of lesson materials, work interactively with the group, and assess and evaluate their individual progress through assignments and examinations, putting emphasis on active language skills such as writing and speaking.
- linguistics lecturerESCO 2310.1.23Overlapping, not the same
Linguistics lecturers are subject professors, teachers, or lecturers who instruct students who have obtained an upper secondary education diploma in their own specialised field of study, linguistics, which is predominantly academic in nature. They work with their university research assistants and university teaching assistants for the preparation of lectures and of exams, for grading papers and exams and for leading review and feedback sessions for the students. They also conduct academic research in their respective field of linguistics, publish their findings and liaise with other university colleagues.
- literature teacher secondary schoolESCO 2330.1.10Overlapping, not the same
Literature teachers at secondary schools provide education to students, commonly children and young adults, in a secondary school setting. They are usually subject teachers, specialised and instructing in their own field of study, literature. They prepare lesson plans and materials, monitor the students’ progress, assist individually when necessary, and evaluate the students’ knowledge and performance on the subject of literature through assignments, tests and examinations.
- modern languages lecturerESCO 2310.1.26Overlapping, not the same
Modern languages lecturers are subject professors, teachers, or lecturers who instruct students who have obtained an upper secondary education diploma in their own specialised field of study, modern languages, which is predominantly academic in nature. They work with their university research assistants and university teaching assistants in the preparation of lectures and of exams, for grading papers and exams and for leading review and feedback sessions for the students. They also conduct academic research in their respective field of modern languages, publish their findings and liaise with other university colleagues.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| K2108 | Professeur / Professeure des universités | This occupation is narrower |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2210 | Profesores de universidades y otra enseñanza superior (excepto formación profesional) | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 84304 | Berufe in der Hochschullehre und -forschung - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 91104 | Berufe in Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaften (ohne Spezialisierung) - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 91124 | Berufe in der Anglistik und Amerikanistik - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 198 | 大学教員 | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources