Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary
Educational Instruction and Library Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 25-1124.00
Teach languages and literature courses in languages other than English. Includes teachers of American Sign Language (ASL). Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.240
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.37
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only25 rated tasks · 20 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (80.0%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- 1 rated task is not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; its score is kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Prepare and deliver lectures to undergraduate or graduate students on topics such as how to speak and write a foreign language and the cultural aspects of areas where a particular language is used.25-1124.00 | 0.670147.1 | 0.157931.0 |
Provide professional consulting services to government or industry.25-1124.00 | 0.312722.0 | 0.062412.2 |
Evaluate and grade students' class work, assignments, and papers.25-1124.00 | 0.11137.8 | 0.142627.9 |
Advise students on academic and vocational curricula and on career issues.25-1124.00 | 0.07425.2 | 0.00891.7 |
Conduct research in a particular field of knowledge and publish findings in scholarly journals, books, or electronic media.25-1124.00 | 0.06844.8 | 0.03056.0 |
Compile, administer, and grade examinations, or assign this work to others.25-1124.00 | 0.06784.8 | 0.071614.0 |
Plan, evaluate, and revise curricula, course content, course materials, and methods of instruction.25-1124.00 | 0.04473.1 | 0.00761.5 |
Compile bibliographies of specialized materials for outside reading assignments.25-1124.00 | 0.02882.0 | 0.00921.8 |
Initiate, facilitate, and moderate classroom discussions.25-1124.00 | 0.00960.7 | 0.00210.4 |
Perform administrative duties such as serving as department head.25-1124.00 | 0.00730.5 | 0.00821.6 |
Select and obtain materials and supplies such as textbooks.25-1124.00 | 0.00710.5 | 0.00340.7 |
Prepare course materials such as syllabi, homework assignments, and handouts.25-1124.00 | 0.00600.4 | —0 |
Supervise undergraduate or graduate teaching, internship, and research work.25-1124.00 | 0.00370.3 | —0 |
Participate in student recruitment, registration, and placement activities.25-1124.00 | 0.00360.3 | 0.00591.2 |
Maintain regularly scheduled office hours to advise and assist students.25-1124.00 | 0.00250.2 | —0 |
Collaborate with colleagues to address teaching and research issues.25-1124.00 | 0.00200.1 | —0 |
Write grant proposals to procure external research funding.25-1124.00 | 0.00190.1 | —0 |
Act as advisers to student organizations.25-1124.00 | 0.00180.1 | —0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 6 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Maintain student attendance records, grades, and other required records. | —0 | —0 |
Keep abreast of developments in their field by reading current literature, talking with colleagues, and participating in professional organizations and activities. | —0 | —0 |
Serve on academic or administrative committees that deal with institutional policies, departmental matters, and academic issues. | —0 | —0 |
Participate in campus and community events. | —0 | —0 |
Develop and maintain web pages for teaching-related purposes. | —0 | —0 |
Organize and direct study abroad programs. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Prepare course materials, such as syllabi, homework assignments, and handouts.O*NET Task ID 6335 | 1.0 |
Maintain student attendance records, grades, and other required records.O*NET Task ID 6337 | 1.0 |
Collaborate with colleagues to address teaching and research issues.O*NET Task ID 6346 | 1.0 |
Compile bibliographies of specialized materials for outside reading assignments.O*NET Task ID 6349 | 1.0 |
Write grant proposals to procure external research funding.O*NET Task ID 6354 | 1.0 |
Develop and maintain Web pages for teaching-related purposes.O*NET Task ID 20099 | 1.0 |
Write letters of recommendation for students.O*NET Task ID 21131 | 1.0 |
Evaluate and grade students' class work, assignments, and papers.O*NET Task ID 6334 | 0.5 |
Compile, administer, and grade examinations, or assign this work to others.O*NET Task ID 6338 | 0.5 |
Plan, evaluate, and revise curricula, course content, course materials, and methods of instruction.O*NET Task ID 6339 | 0.5 |
Prepare and deliver lectures to undergraduate or graduate students on topics such as how to speak and write a foreign language and the cultural aspects of areas where a particular language is used.O*NET Task ID 6340 | 0.5 |
Select and obtain materials and supplies, such as textbooks.O*NET Task ID 6342 | 0.5 |
Keep abreast of developments in their field by reading current literature, talking with colleagues, and participating in professional organizations and activities.O*NET Task ID 6343 | 0.5 |
Advise students on academic and vocational curricula and on career issues.O*NET Task ID 6344 | 0.5 |
Conduct research in a particular field of knowledge and publish findings in scholarly journals, books, or electronic media.O*NET Task ID 6345 | 0.5 |
Participate in student recruitment, registration, and placement activities.O*NET Task ID 6348 | 0.5 |
Perform administrative duties, such as serving as department head.O*NET Task ID 6352 | 0.5 |
Supervise undergraduate or graduate teaching, internship, and research work.O*NET Task ID 6353 | 0.5 |
Provide professional consulting services to government or industry.O*NET Task ID 6355 | 0.5 |
Organize and direct study abroad programs.O*NET Task ID 20100 | 0.5 |
Initiate, facilitate, and moderate classroom discussions.O*NET Task ID 6336 | 0.0 |
Maintain regularly scheduled office hours to advise and assist students.O*NET Task ID 6341 | 0.0 |
Serve on academic or administrative committees that deal with institutional policies, departmental matters, and academic issues.O*NET Task ID 6347 | 0.0 |
Participate in campus and community events.O*NET Task ID 6350 | 0.0 |
Act as advisers to student organizations.O*NET Task ID 6351 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (24)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Evaluate and grade students' class work, assignments, and papers. | Core |
| Prepare course materials, such as syllabi, homework assignments, and handouts. | Core |
| Initiate, facilitate, and moderate classroom discussions. | Core |
| Maintain student attendance records, grades, and other required records. | Core |
| Compile, administer, and grade examinations, or assign this work to others. | Core |
| Plan, evaluate, and revise curricula, course content, course materials, and methods of instruction. | Core |
| Prepare and deliver lectures to undergraduate or graduate students on topics such as how to speak and write a foreign language and the cultural aspects of areas where a particular language is used. | Core |
| Maintain regularly scheduled office hours to advise and assist students. | Core |
| Select and obtain materials and supplies, such as textbooks. | Core |
| Keep abreast of developments in their field by reading current literature, talking with colleagues, and participating in professional organizations and activities. | Core |
| Advise students on academic and vocational curricula and on career issues. | Core |
| Conduct research in a particular field of knowledge and publish findings in scholarly journals, books, or electronic media. | Core |
| Collaborate with colleagues to address teaching and research issues. | Core |
| Serve on academic or administrative committees that deal with institutional policies, departmental matters, and academic issues. | Core |
| Participate in student recruitment, registration, and placement activities. | Core |
| Compile bibliographies of specialized materials for outside reading assignments. | Core |
| Participate in campus and community events. | Core |
| Perform administrative duties, such as serving as department head. | Core |
| Organize and direct study abroad programs. | Core |
| Write letters of recommendation for students. | Core |
| Act as advisers to student organizations. | Supplemental |
| Supervise undergraduate or graduate teaching, internship, and research work. | Supplemental |
| Write grant proposals to procure external research funding. | Supplemental |
| Develop and maintain Web pages for teaching-related purposes. | Supplemental |
0.00/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
None of this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks is classified as a physical task.
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 25K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 25K
- Change (2025–35)
- +0.2%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $79,350
- Typical education needed for entry
- Doctoral or professional degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 26112 | 예술 및 인문학 교수 | This occupation is narrower | confirmed |
| 26122 | 예술 및 인문학 강사 | Overlapping, not the same | confirmed |
| 21213 | 언어학 및 문학 연구원 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2310University and Higher Education Teachers
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
University and higher education teachers prepare and deliver lectures and conduct tutorials in one or more subjects within a prescribed course of study at a university or other higher educational institution. They conduct research, and prepare scholarly papers and books.
Tasks
- (a) designing and modifying curricula and preparing courses of study in accordance with requirements;
- (b) preparing and delivering lectures and conducting tutorials, seminars and laboratory experiments;
- (c) stimulating discussion and independent thought among students;
- (d) supervising, where appropriate, experimental and practical work undertaken by students;
- (e) administering, evaluating and marking examination papers and tests;
- (f) directing research of post-graduate students or other members of department;
- (g) researching into and developing concepts, theories and operational methods for application in industrial and other fields;
- (h) preparing scholarly books, papers or articles;
- (i) participating in departmental and faculty meetings and in conferences and seminars;
Example occupations
Higher education lecturer · Professor · University lecturer · University tutor
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- literary scholarESCO 2641.3This occupation is broader
Literary scholars research works of literature, history of literature, genres, and literary criticism in order to appraise the works and the surrounding aspects in an appropriate context and to produce research results on specific topics in the field of literature.
- modern languages lecturerESCO 2310.1.26This occupation is broader
Modern languages lecturers are subject professors, teachers, or lecturers who instruct students who have obtained an upper secondary education diploma in their own specialised field of study, modern languages, which is predominantly academic in nature. They work with their university research assistants and university teaching assistants in the preparation of lectures and of exams, for grading papers and exams and for leading review and feedback sessions for the students. They also conduct academic research in their respective field of modern languages, publish their findings and liaise with other university colleagues.
- sign language teacherESCO 2353.2This occupation is broader
Sign language school teachers educate non-age-specific students in sign language. They teach sign language to both students with or without special educational needs such as deafness. They organise their classes using a variety of lesson materials, work interactively with the group, and assess and evaluate their individual progress through assignments and examinations.
- university literature lecturerESCO 2310.1.40This occupation is broader
University literature lecturers are subject professors, teachers, or lecturers who instruct students who have obtained an upper secondary education diploma in their own specialised field of study, literature, which is predominantly academic in nature. They work with their university research assistants and university teaching assistants in the preparation of lectures and of exams, in grading papers and exams and in leading review and feedback sessions for the students. They also conduct academic research in their respective field of literature, publish their findings and liaise with other university colleagues.
- language school teacherESCO 2353.1Overlapping, not the same
Language school teachers educate non-age-specific students in a language that is not their native language at a specialised school, not bound by a level of education. They focus less on the academic aspect of language teaching, as opposed to language teachers in secondary or higher education, but instead on the theory and practice that will be most helpful to their students in real-life situations since most choose instruction for either business, immigration or leisure reasons. They organise their classes using a variety of lesson materials, work interactively with the group, and assess and evaluate their individual progress through assignments and examinations, putting emphasis on active language skills such as writing and speaking.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| K2108 | Professeur / Professeure des universités | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| K2131 | Lecteur / Lectrice de langues dans l'enseignement supérieur | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| K2127 | Professeur / Professeure d'enseignement général pour déficients sensoriels | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2210 | Profesores de universidades y otra enseñanza superior (excepto formación profesional) | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 84304 | Berufe in der Hochschullehre und -forschung - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrower |
| 91114 | Berufe in der Germanistik - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 91134 | Berufe in der Romanistik - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 91144 | Berufe in der Slawistik und verwandten Bereichen - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 91154 | Berufe in der Arabistik und Orientalistik - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 91164 | Berufe in Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaften des asiatischen Raums - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 91174 | Berufe in der Altphilologie - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 91184 | Berufe in Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaften (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 198 | 大学教員 | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources