Substitute Teachers, Short-Term
Educational Instruction and Library Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 25-3031.00
Teach students on a short-term basis as a temporary replacement for a regular classroom teacher, typically using the regular teacher's lesson plan.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.33–0.35· 3 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
- Data source: OpenAIPublished: 2023
0.083
0.000Range of values carried here0.844Scale, basis and source
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 2353Other Language Teachers0.34
- ISCO-08 2355Other Arts Teachers0.35
- ISCO-08 2359Teaching Professionals Not Elsewhere Classified0.33
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only18 rated tasks · 8 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (44.4%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Answer students' questions.O*NET Task ID 22389 | 1.0 |
Distribute or collect tests or homework assignments.O*NET Task ID 22393 | 1.0 |
Follow lesson plans designed by absent teachers.O*NET Task ID 22396 | 1.0 |
Operate equipment such as computers or audio-visual aids to supplement presentations.O*NET Task ID 22398 | 1.0 |
Take class attendance and maintain attendance records.O*NET Task ID 22403 | 1.0 |
Attend professional meetings, educational conferences, or teacher training workshops to improve professional competence.O*NET Task ID 22391 | 0.5 |
Grade students' assignments and exams.O*NET Task ID 22397 | 0.5 |
Teach a variety of subjects, such as English, mathematics, and social studies.O*NET Task ID 22404 | 0.5 |
Assist students with boarding or exiting school buses.O*NET Task ID 22390 | 0.0 |
Counsel students with adjustment or academic problems.O*NET Task ID 22392 | 0.0 |
Distribute teaching materials, such as textbooks, workbooks, papers, and pencils, to students.O*NET Task ID 22394 | 0.0 |
Enforce school and class rules to maintain order in the classroom.O*NET Task ID 22395 | 0.0 |
Organize and supervise games or other recreational activities.O*NET Task ID 22399 | 0.0 |
Provide disabled students with assistive devices, supportive technology, or assistance accessing facilities, such as restrooms.O*NET Task ID 22400 | 0.0 |
Restock teaching materials or supplies.O*NET Task ID 22401 | 0.0 |
Supervise students during activities outside the classroom, such as recess, lunch, and field trips.O*NET Task ID 22402 | 0.0 |
Teach social skills to students, such as communication, conflict resolution, and etiquette.O*NET Task ID 22405 | 0.0 |
Tutor or assist students individually or in small groups.O*NET Task ID 22406 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (18)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Answer students' questions. | Core |
| Attend professional meetings, educational conferences, or teacher training workshops to improve professional competence. | Core |
| Counsel students with adjustment or academic problems. | Core |
| Distribute or collect tests or homework assignments. | Core |
| Distribute teaching materials, such as textbooks, workbooks, papers, and pencils, to students. | Core |
| Enforce school and class rules to maintain order in the classroom. | Core |
| Follow lesson plans designed by absent teachers. | Core |
| Operate equipment such as computers or audio-visual aids to supplement presentations. | Core |
| Supervise students during activities outside the classroom, such as recess, lunch, and field trips. | Core |
| Take class attendance and maintain attendance records. | Core |
| Teach a variety of subjects, such as English, mathematics, and social studies. | Core |
| Teach social skills to students, such as communication, conflict resolution, and etiquette. | Core |
| Tutor or assist students individually or in small groups. | Core |
| Assist students with boarding or exiting school buses. | Supplemental |
| Grade students' assignments and exams. | Supplemental |
| Organize and supervise games or other recreational activities. | Supplemental |
| Provide students with disabilities with assistive devices, supportive technology, or assistance accessing facilities, such as restrooms. | Supplemental |
| Restock teaching materials or supplies. | Supplemental |
0.15/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Assist students with boarding or exiting school buses. | E0 none |
| Distribute or collect tests or homework assignments. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Distribute teaching materials, such as textbooks, workbooks, papers, and pencils, to students. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Operate equipment such as computers or audio-visual aids to supplement presentations. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Provide students with disabilities with assistive devices, supportive technology, or assistance accessing facilities, such as restrooms. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Restock teaching materials or supplies. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Supervise students during activities outside the classroom, such as recess, lunch, and field trips. | E0 none |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 556K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 567K
- Change (2025–35)
- +2%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $41,670
- Typical education needed for entry
- Bachelor's degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 26990 | 그 외 교사 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2353Other Language Teachers
- ISCO-08 2355Other Arts Teachers
- ISCO-08 2359Teaching Professionals Not Elsewhere Classified
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- primary school teaching assistantESCO 5312.2Overlapping, not the same
Primary school teaching assistants provide instructional and practical support to primary school teachers. They reinforce instruction with students in need of extra attention and prepare the materials the teacher needs in class. They also perform clerical work, monitor the students' learning progress and behaviour and supervise the students with and without the head teacher present.
- secondary school teacherESCO 2330.1Overlapping, not the same
Secondary school teachers provide education to students, commonly children and young adults, in a secondary school setting. They are usually specialist subject teachers, who instruct in their own field of study. They prepare lesson plans and materials, monitor the students' progress, assist individually when necessary and evaluate their knowledge and performance through assignments, tests and examinations.
- secondary school teaching assistantESCO 5312.3Overlapping, not the same
Secondary school teaching assistants provide various support services to secondary school teachers such as instructional and practical support. They help with the preparation of lesson materials needed in class and reinforce instructions with students in need of extra attention. They also perform basic clerical duties, monitor the students' learning progress and behaviour and supervise the students with and without the teacher present.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| K2106 | Professeur / Professeure des écoles | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| K2107 | Professeur / Professeure de collège et de lycée | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2230 | Profesores de enseñanza secundaria (excepto materias específicas de formación profesional) | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 2240 | Profesores de enseñanza primaria | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 2251 | Maestros de educación infantil | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 84114 | Lehrkräfte in der Primarstufe - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
| 84124 | Lehrkräfte in der Sekundarstufe - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
| 84183 | Lehrkräfte an allgemeinbildenden Schulen (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 192 | 小学校教員 | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 193 | 中学校教員 | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 194 | 高等学校教員 | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources