Librarians and Media Collections Specialists

Educational Instruction and Library Occupations

O*NET-SOC code: 25-4022.00

Administer and maintain libraries or collections of information, for public or private access through reference or borrowing. Work in a variety of settings, such as educational institutions, museums, and corporations, and with various types of informational materials, such as books, periodicals, recordings, films, and databases. Tasks may include acquiring, cataloging, and circulating library materials, and user services such as locating and organizing information, providing instruction on how to access information, and setting up and operating a library's media equipment.

Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery high
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
Source dataset (XLSX download)
Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.203
0.000Range of values carried here0.745
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
Source dataset (CSV download)
Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.55
0.09Range of values carried here0.70
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
Source dataset (PDF download)

What kind of figure this source publishes

The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.

Task-level exposure

Exposed tasks only

30 rated tasks · 27 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (90.0%)

β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.

Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.

Source: OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
Release: gh-main-0471612
License: MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI

Tasks of O*NET-SOC 2010 occupations 25-4021.00 Librarians; 25-9011.00 Audio-Visual and Multimedia Collections Specialists, linked to this occupation by the O*NET-SOC 2010 to 2019 crosswalk

Task (O*NET 20.1)	Claude.aiRaw / share %	APIRaw / share %
Search standard reference materials, including online sources and the Internet, to answer patrons' reference questions. 25-4021.00	0.197743.7	0.077434.2
Design information storage and retrieval systems and develop procedures for collecting, organizing, interpreting, and classifying information. 25-4021.00	0.060113.3	0.036616.2
Analyze patrons' requests to determine needed information and assist in furnishing or locating that information. 25-4021.00	0.053311.8	0.00843.7
Produce rough and finished graphics and graphic designs. 25-9011.00	0.03207.1	0.01757.7
Develop, maintain, and troubleshoot information access aids, such as databases, annotated bibliographies, web pages, electronic pathfinders, software programs, and online tutorials. 25-4021.00	0.02044.5	0.00672.9
Develop preproduction ideas and incorporate them into outlines, scripts, story boards, and graphics. 25-9011.00	0.01874.1	—0
Respond to customer complaints, taking action as necessary. 25-4021.00	0.01493.3	0.026611.7
Locate unusual or unique information in response to specific requests. 25-4021.00	0.01002.2	0.025211.1
Instruct users in the selection, use, and design of audio-visual materials and assist them in the preparation of instructional materials and the rehearsal of presentations. 25-9011.00	0.00902.0	0.00321.4
Compile lists of books, periodicals, articles, and audio-visual materials on particular subjects. 25-4021.00	0.00671.5	0.00602.7
Author or publish professional articles, internal documents, and instructional materials. 25-4021.00	0.00561.2	—0
Develop manuals, texts, workbooks, or related materials for use in conjunction with production materials. 25-9011.00	0.00511.1	—0
Teach library patrons basic computer skills, such as searching computerized databases. 25-4021.00	0.00451.0	—0
Review and evaluate materials, using book reviews, catalogs, faculty recommendations, and current holdings to select and order print, audio-visual, and electronic resources. 25-4021.00	0.00360.8	—0
Organize collections of books, publications, documents, audio-visual aids, and other reference materials for convenient access. 25-4021.00	0.00340.8	0.00210.9
Collect and organize books, pamphlets, manuscripts, and other materials in specific fields, such as rare books, genealogy, or music. 25-4021.00	0.00340.8	—0
Write proposals for research or project grants. 25-4021.00	0.00210.5	—0
Code, classify, and catalog books, publications, films, audio-visual aids, and other library materials based on subject matter or standard library classification systems. 25-4021.00	0.00180.4	0.00351.5
Narrate presentations and productions.	—0	0.00532.3
Maintain hardware and software, including computers, scanners, color copiers, and color laser printers.	—0	0.00351.5
Evaluate vendor products and performance, negotiate contracts, and place orders.	—0	0.00291.3
Plan and prepare audio-visual teaching aids and methods for use in school systems.	—0	0.00160.7
Show 12 more tasks ▾Show less ▴
Not observed on any surface — 32 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states.
Explain use of library facilities, resources, equipment, and services and provide information about library policies.	—0	—0
Direct and train library staff in duties, such as receiving, shelving, researching, cataloging, and equipment use.	—0	—0
Develop library policies and procedures.	—0	—0
Evaluate materials to determine outdated or unused items to be discarded.	—0	—0
Plan and deliver client-centered programs and services, such as special services for corporate clients, storytelling for children, newsletters, or programs for special groups.	—0	—0
Plan and teach classes on topics such as information literacy, library instruction, and technology use.	—0	—0
Confer with colleagues, faculty, and community members and organizations to conduct informational programs, make collection decisions, and determine library services to offer.	—0	—0
Engage in professional development activities, such as taking continuing education classes and attending or participating in conferences, workshops, professional meetings, and associations.	—0	—0
Represent library or institution on internal and external committees.	—0	—0
Check books in and out of the library.	—0	—0
Arrange for interlibrary loans of materials not available in a particular library.	—0	—0
Assemble and arrange display materials.	—0	—0
Compile lists of overdue materials and notify borrowers that their materials are overdue.	—0	—0
Negotiate contracts for library services, materials, and equipment.	—0	—0
Provide input into the architectural planning of library facilities.	—0	—0
Plan and participate in fundraising drives.	—0	—0
Perform public relations work for the library, such as giving televised book reviews and community talks.	—0	—0
Develop and maintain databases that provide information for library users.	—0	—0
Keep up-to-date records of circulation and materials, maintain inventory, and correct cataloging errors.	—0	—0
Supervise daily library operations, budgeting, planning, and personnel activities, such as hiring, training, scheduling, and performance evaluations.	—0	—0
Complete minor repairs and cleaning of library resources, equipment, and facilities, such as dusting and fixing printer paper jams.	—0	—0
Set up, adjust, and operate audio-visual equipment, such as cameras, film and slide projectors, and recording equipment, for meetings, events, classes, seminars, and video conferences.	—0	—0
Attend conventions and conferences, read trade journals, and communicate with industry insiders to keep abreast of industry developments.	—0	—0
Perform simple maintenance tasks, such as cleaning monitors and lenses and changing batteries and light bulbs.	—0	—0
Direct and coordinate activities of assistants and other personnel during production.	—0	—0
Determine formats, approaches, content, levels, and mediums necessary to meet production objectives effectively and within budgetary constraints.	—0	—0
Acquire, catalog, and maintain collections of audio-visual material such as films, video- and audio-tapes, photographs, and software programs.	—0	—0
Install audio-visual equipment.	—0	—0
Offer presentations and workshops on the role of multimedia in effective presentations.	—0	—0
Confer with teachers to select course materials and to determine which training aids are best suited to particular grade levels.	—0	—0
Construct and position properties, sets, lighting equipment, and other equipment.	—0	—0
Locate and secure settings, properties, effects, and other production necessities.	—0	—0

Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.

Task (O*NET 27.2)	βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Teach library patrons basic computer skills, such as searching computerized databases. O*NET Task ID 22408	1.0
Code, classify, and catalog books, publications, films, audio-visual aids, and other library materials, based on subject matter or standard library classification systems. O*NET Task ID 22416	1.0
Explain use of library facilities, resources, equipment, and services, and provide information about library policies. O*NET Task ID 22418	1.0
Engage in professional development activities, such as taking continuing education classes and attending or participating in conferences, workshops, professional meetings, and associations. O*NET Task ID 22426	1.0
Maintain hardware and software, including computers, media equipment, scanners, color copiers, and color laser printers. O*NET Task ID 22435	1.0
Check books in and out of the library. O*NET Task ID 22407	0.5
Review and evaluate materials, using book reviews, catalogs, faculty recommendations, and current holdings to select and order print, audio-visual, and electronic resources. O*NET Task ID 22409	0.5
Keep up-to-date records of circulation and materials, maintain inventory, and correct cataloging errors. O*NET Task ID 22410	0.5
Search standard reference materials, including online sources and the Internet, to answer patrons' reference questions. O*NET Task ID 22411	0.5
Analyze patrons' requests to determine needed information and assist in furnishing or locating that information. O*NET Task ID 22412	0.5
Supervise daily library operations, budgeting, planning, and personnel activities, such as hiring, training, scheduling, and performance evaluations. O*NET Task ID 22413	0.5
Plan and teach classes on topics such as information literacy, library instruction, and technology use. O*NET Task ID 22414	0.5
Confer with colleagues, faculty, and community members and organizations to conduct informational programs, make collection decisions, and determine library services to offer. O*NET Task ID 22415	0.5
Respond to customer complaints, taking action as necessary. O*NET Task ID 22417	0.5
Plan and deliver client-centered programs and services, such as special services for corporate clients, storytelling for children, newsletters, or programs for special groups. O*NET Task ID 22419	0.5
Locate unusual or unique information in response to specific requests. O*NET Task ID 22420	0.5
Develop library policies and procedures. O*NET Task ID 22422	0.5
Direct and train library staff in duties, such as receiving, shelving, researching, cataloging, and equipment use. O*NET Task ID 22423	0.5
Evaluate materials to determine outdated or unused items to be discarded. O*NET Task ID 22424	0.5
Develop, maintain, and troubleshoot information access aids, such as databases, annotated bibliographies, Web pages, electronic pathfinders, software programs, and online tutorials. O*NET Task ID 22425	0.5
Compile lists of books, periodicals, articles, and audio-visual materials on particular subjects. O*NET Task ID 22427	0.5
Confer with teachers to select course materials and to determine which training aids are best suited to particular grade levels. O*NET Task ID 22428	0.5
Evaluate vendor products and performance, negotiate contracts, and place orders. O*NET Task ID 22429	0.5
Arrange for interlibrary loans of materials not available in a particular library. O*NET Task ID 22430	0.5
Set up, adjust, and operate audio-visual equipment, such as cameras, film and slide projectors, and recording equipment, for meetings, events, classes, seminars, and video conferences. O*NET Task ID 22432	0.5
Assemble and arrange display materials. O*NET Task ID 22433	0.5
Maintain inventory of audio-visual equipment. O*NET Task ID 22434	0.5
Show 17 more tasks ▾Show less ▴
Troubleshoot problems with audio-visual equipment. O*NET Task ID 22421	0.0
Represent library or institution on internal and external committees. O*NET Task ID 22431	0.0
Train faculty and media staff on the use of software and audio-visual equipment. O*NET Task ID 22436	0.0

β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

All O*NET 31.0 task statements (30)

All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.

Task (O*NET 31.0)	Type
Check books in and out of the library.	Core
Teach library patrons basic computer skills, such as searching computerized databases.	Core
Review and evaluate materials, using book reviews, catalogs, faculty recommendations, and current holdings to select and order print, audio-visual, and electronic resources.	Core
Keep up-to-date records of circulation and materials, maintain inventory, and correct cataloging errors.	Core
Search standard reference materials, including online sources and the Internet, to answer patrons' reference questions.	Core
Analyze patrons' requests to determine needed information and assist in furnishing or locating that information.	Core
Supervise daily library operations, budgeting, planning, and personnel activities, such as hiring, training, scheduling, and performance evaluations.	Core
Plan and teach classes on topics such as information literacy, library instruction, and technology use.	Core
Confer with colleagues, faculty, and community members and organizations to conduct informational programs, make collection decisions, and determine library services to offer.	Core
Code, classify, and catalog books, publications, films, audio-visual aids, and other library materials, based on subject matter or standard library classification systems.	Core
Respond to customer complaints, taking action as necessary.	Core
Explain use of library facilities, resources, equipment, and services, and provide information about library policies.	Core
Plan and deliver client-centered programs and services, such as special services for corporate clients, storytelling for children, newsletters, or programs for special groups.	Core
Locate unusual or unique information in response to specific requests.	Core
Develop library policies and procedures.	Core
Direct and train library staff in duties, such as receiving, shelving, researching, cataloging, and equipment use.	Core
Evaluate materials to determine outdated or unused items to be discarded.	Core
Develop, maintain, and troubleshoot information access aids, such as databases, annotated bibliographies, Web pages, electronic pathfinders, software programs, and online tutorials.	Core
Engage in professional development activities, such as taking continuing education classes and attending or participating in conferences, workshops, professional meetings, and associations.	Core
Compile lists of books, periodicals, articles, and audio-visual materials on particular subjects.	Core
Confer with teachers to select course materials and to determine which training aids are best suited to particular grade levels.	Core
Evaluate vendor products and performance, negotiate contracts, and place orders.	Core
Arrange for interlibrary loans of materials not available in a particular library.	Core
Represent library or institution on internal and external committees.	Core
Maintain hardware and software, including computers, media equipment, scanners, color copiers, and color laser printers.	Core
Troubleshoot problems with audio-visual equipment.	Supplemental
Set up, adjust, and operate audio-visual equipment, such as cameras, film and slide projectors, and recording equipment, for meetings, events, classes, seminars, and video conferences.	Supplemental
Assemble and arrange display materials.	Supplemental
Maintain inventory of audio-visual equipment.	Supplemental
Train faculty and media staff on the use of software and audio-visual equipment.	Supplemental

Anthropic, "What work can robots do?"2026-09

0.05/ 3· Robot exposure index

0 none3 unstructured settings

Scale, basis and source

Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time

Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks

Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.

Source dataset

The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.

Tier of each physical task

Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)

E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site

Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.

Task (O*NET 29.3)	Robot environment tier
Check books in and out of the library.	E1 purpose-built robot settings
Troubleshoot problems with audio-visual equipment.	E0 none
Set up, adjust, and operate audio-visual equipment, such as cameras, film and slide projectors, and recording equipment, for meetings, events, classes, seminars, and video conferences.	E0 none
Assemble and arrange display materials.	E1 purpose-built robot settings
Maintain inventory of audio-visual equipment.	E1 purpose-built robot settings
Maintain hardware and software, including computers, media equipment, scanners, color copiers, and color laser printers.	E0 none

Employment outlook (BLS)

Employment, 2025: 142K
Projected employment, 2035: 146K
Change (2025–35): +2.6%
Median annual wage, 2025: $68,270
Typical education needed for entry: Master's degree

lowest $30,890median wage across 825 detailed occupations, BLS EP 2025–35highest $559,030

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — Employment by detailed occupation, 2025 and projected 2035

Korea classification links (KSCO)

Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.

KSCO code	KSCO title	Relation	Status
29221	사서	Same scope	confirmed

Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)

ILO occupational description

AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.

ISCO-08 2622Librarians and Related Information Professionals

The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.

Librarians and related information professionals collect, select, develop, organize and maintain library collections and other information repositories, organize and control other library services and provide information for users.

Tasks

(a) organizing, developing and maintaining a systematic collection of books, periodicals and other printed or audiovisually and digitally recorded material;
(b) selecting and recommending acquisitions of books and other printed or audiovisually and digitally recorded material;
(c) organizing, classifying and cataloguing library material;
(d) managing library borrowing and interlibrary loan facilities and information networks;
(e) retrieving material and providing information to business and other users based on the collection itself or on library and information-network systems;
(f) conducting research and analysing or modifying library and information services in accordance with changes in users' needs;
(g) devising and implementing schemes and conceptual models for the storage, organization, classification and retrieval of information;
(h) preparing scholarly papers and reports;
(i) performing manual, on-line and interactive media reference searches, making interlibrary loans and performing other functions to assist users in accessing library materials.

Example occupations

Bibliographer · Cataloguer · Librarian

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO occupational vocabulary

Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.

librarianESCO 2622.2Same scope
Librarians manage libraries and perform related library services. They manage, collect and develop information resources. They make information available, accessible and discoverable to any kind of user.
information managerESCO 2622.1This occupation is narrower
Information managers are responsible for systems that provide information to people. They assure access to the information in different work environments (public or private) based on theoretical principles and hands-on capabilities in storing, retrieving and communicating information.
big data archive librarianESCO 3433.2This occupation is broader
Big data archive librarians classify, catalogue and maintain libraries of digital media. They also evaluate and comply with metadata standards for digital content and update obsolete data and legacy systems.

Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

View original

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

France classification links (ROME)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.

ROME code	ROME title (French)	Relation
K1603	Bibliothécaire	Same scopeprovisional
K1614	Directeur / Directrice de médiathèque	This occupation is broader
K2129	Professeur / Professeure documentaliste	This occupation is broaderprovisional
K1601	Documentaliste	Overlapping, not the sameprovisional
K1611	Iconographe	Related, not a match

Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.

ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)

Spain classification links (CNO-11)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

CNO-11 code	CNO-11 title (Spanish)	Relation
2912	Bibliotecarios, documentalistas y afines	Same scope

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)

Germany classification links (KldB)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

KldB code	KldB title (German)	Relation
73323	Berufe im Bibliothekswesen - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten	This occupation is broader
73324	Berufe im Bibliothekswesen - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten	This occupation is broader
73333	Berufe im Dokumentations- und Informationsdienst - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten	Related, not a matchprovisional
73394	Führungskräfte - Medien-, Dokumentations- und Informationsdienste	Related, not a matchprovisional

Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)

Japan classification links (JSCO)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

JSCO code	JSCO title (Japanese)	Relation
241	図書館司書	Same scope

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)

Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources