Fine Artists, Including Painters, Sculptors, and Illustrators
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 27-1013.00
Create original artwork using any of a wide variety of media and techniques.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.357
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.21–0.35· 2 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 2651Visual Artists0.21
- ISCO-08 3118Draughtspersons0.35
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only32 rated tasks · 26 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (81.3%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- 4 rated tasks are not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; their scores are kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Integrate and develop visual elements, such as line, space, mass, color, and perspective, to produce desired effects, such as the illustration of ideas, emotions, or moods.27-1013.00 | 0.131635.9 |
Monitor events, trends, and other circumstances, research specific subject areas, attend art exhibitions, and read art publications to develop ideas and keep current on art world activities.27-1013.00 | 0.075220.5 |
Create finished art work as decoration, or to elucidate or substitute for spoken or written messages.27-1013.00 | 0.061216.7 |
Create sketches, profiles, or likenesses of posed subjects or photographs, using any combination of freehand drawing, mechanical assembly kits, and computer imaging.27-1013.00 | 0.02486.8 |
Confer with clients, editors, writers, art directors, and other interested parties regarding the nature and content of artwork to be produced.27-1013.00 | 0.02426.6 |
Use materials such as pens and ink, watercolors, charcoal, oil, or computer software to create artwork.27-1013.00 | 0.01905.2 |
Create and prepare sketches and model drawings of cartoon characters, providing details from memory, live models, manufactured products, or reference materials.27-1013.00 | 0.00561.5 |
Submit preliminary or finished artwork or project plans to clients for approval, incorporating changes as necessary.27-1013.00 | 0.00551.5 |
Create graphics, illustrations, and three-dimensional models to be used in research or in teaching, such as in demonstrating anatomy, pathology, or surgical procedures.27-1013.00 | 0.00471.3 |
Collaborate with writers who create ideas, stories, or captions that are combined with artists' work.27-1013.00 | 0.00381.0 |
Study different techniques to learn how to apply them to artistic endeavors.27-1013.00 | 0.00351.0 |
Render drawings, illustrations, and sketches of buildings, manufactured products, or models, working from sketches, blueprints, memory, models, or reference materials.27-1013.00 | 0.00270.7 |
Create sculptures, statues, and other three-dimensional artwork by using abrasives and tools to shape, carve, and fabricate materials such as clay, stone, wood, or metal.27-1013.00 | 0.00250.7 |
Render sequential drawings that can be turned into animated films or advertisements.27-1013.00 | 0.00220.6 |
| Not observed on any surface — 12 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | |
Maintain portfolios of artistic work to demonstrate styles, interests, and abilities. | —0 |
Cut, bend, laminate, arrange, and fasten individual or mixed raw and manufactured materials and products to form works of art. | —0 |
Study styles, techniques, colors, textures, and materials used in works undergoing restoration to ensure consistency during the restoration process. | —0 |
Develop project budgets for approval, estimating time lines and material costs. | —0 |
Shade and fill in sketch outlines and backgrounds, using a variety of media such as water colors, markers, and transparent washes, labeling designated colors when necessary. | —0 |
Collaborate with engineers, mechanics, and other technical experts as necessary to build and install creations. | —0 |
Examine and test paintings in need of restoration or cleaning to determine techniques and materials to be used. | —0 |
Brush or spray protective or decorative finishes on completed background panels, informational legends, exhibit accessories, or finished paintings. | —0 |
Trace drawings onto clear acetate for painting or coloring, or trace them with ink to make final copies. | —0 |
Apply solvents and cleaning agents to clean surfaces of paintings, and to remove accretions, discolorations, and deteriorated varnish. | —0 |
Model substances such as clay or wax, using fingers and small hand tools to form objects. | —0 |
Provide entertainment at special events by performing activities such as drawing cartoons. | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Use materials such as pens and ink, watercolors, charcoal, oil, or computer software to create artwork.O*NET Task ID 10989 | 0.5 |
Integrate and develop visual elements, such as line, space, mass, color, and perspective, to produce desired effects, such as the illustration of ideas, emotions, or moods.O*NET Task ID 10990 | 0.5 |
Confer with clients, editors, writers, art directors, and other interested parties regarding the nature and content of artwork to be produced.O*NET Task ID 10991 | 0.5 |
Submit preliminary or finished artwork or project plans to clients for approval, incorporating changes as necessary.O*NET Task ID 10992 | 0.5 |
Maintain portfolios of artistic work to demonstrate styles, interests, and abilities.O*NET Task ID 10993 | 0.5 |
Create finished art work as decoration, or to elucidate or substitute for spoken or written messages.O*NET Task ID 10994 | 0.5 |
Monitor events, trends, and other circumstances, research specific subject areas, attend art exhibitions, and read art publications to develop ideas and keep current on art world activities.O*NET Task ID 10996 | 0.5 |
Study different techniques to learn how to apply them to artistic endeavors.O*NET Task ID 10997 | 0.5 |
Render drawings, illustrations, and sketches of buildings, manufactured products, or models, working from sketches, blueprints, memory, models, or reference materials.O*NET Task ID 10998 | 0.5 |
Create sketches, profiles, or likenesses of posed subjects or photographs, using any combination of freehand drawing, mechanical assembly kits, and computer imaging.O*NET Task ID 10999 | 0.5 |
Study styles, techniques, colors, textures, and materials used in works undergoing restoration to ensure consistency during the restoration process.O*NET Task ID 11001 | 0.5 |
Develop project budgets for approval, estimating time lines and material costs.O*NET Task ID 11002 | 0.5 |
Shade and fill in sketch outlines and backgrounds, using a variety of media such as water colors, markers, and transparent washes, labeling designated colors when necessary.O*NET Task ID 11003 | 0.5 |
Collaborate with engineers, mechanics, and other technical experts as necessary to build and install creations.O*NET Task ID 11004 | 0.5 |
Create and prepare sketches and model drawings of cartoon characters, providing details from memory, live models, manufactured products, or reference materials.O*NET Task ID 11005 | 0.5 |
Examine and test paintings in need of restoration or cleaning to determine techniques and materials to be used.O*NET Task ID 11006 | 0.5 |
Create graphics, illustrations, and three-dimensional models to be used in research or in teaching, such as in demonstrating anatomy, pathology, or surgical procedures.O*NET Task ID 11007 | 0.5 |
Brush or spray protective or decorative finishes on completed background panels, informational legends, exhibit accessories, or finished paintings.O*NET Task ID 11008 | 0.5 |
Trace drawings onto clear acetate for painting or coloring, or trace them with ink to make final copies.O*NET Task ID 11009 | 0.5 |
Collaborate with writers who create ideas, stories, or captions that are combined with artists' work.O*NET Task ID 11012 | 0.5 |
Provide entertainment at special events by performing activities such as drawing cartoons.O*NET Task ID 11013 | 0.5 |
Render sequential drawings that can be turned into animated films or advertisements.O*NET Task ID 11014 | 0.5 |
Market artwork through brochures, mailings, or Web sites.O*NET Task ID 20990 | 0.5 |
Photograph objects, places, or scenes for reference material.O*NET Task ID 20991 | 0.5 |
Set up exhibitions of artwork for display or sale.O*NET Task ID 20992 | 0.5 |
Submit artwork to shows or galleries.O*NET Task ID 20994 | 0.5 |
Cut, bend, laminate, arrange, and fasten individual or mixed raw and manufactured materials and products to form works of art.O*NET Task ID 10995 | 0.0 |
Create sculptures, statues, and other three-dimensional artwork by using abrasives and tools to shape, carve, and fabricate materials such as clay, stone, wood, or metal.O*NET Task ID 11000 | 0.0 |
Apply solvents and cleaning agents to clean surfaces of paintings, and to remove accretions, discolorations, and deteriorated varnish.O*NET Task ID 11010 | 0.0 |
Model substances such as clay or wax, using fingers and small hand tools to form objects.O*NET Task ID 11011 | 0.0 |
Frame and mat artwork for display or sale.O*NET Task ID 20993 | 0.0 |
Teach artistic techniques to children or adults.O*NET Task ID 20995 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (28)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Use materials such as pens and ink, watercolors, charcoal, oil, or computer software to create artwork. | Core |
| Integrate and develop visual elements, such as line, space, mass, color, and perspective, to produce desired effects, such as the illustration of ideas, emotions, or moods. | Core |
| Confer with clients, editors, writers, art directors, and other interested parties regarding the nature and content of artwork to be produced. | Core |
| Maintain portfolios of artistic work to demonstrate styles, interests, and abilities. | Core |
| Monitor events, trends, and other circumstances, research specific subject areas, attend art exhibitions, and read art publications to develop ideas and keep current on art world activities. | Core |
| Study different techniques to learn how to apply them to artistic endeavors. | Core |
| Market artwork through brochures, mailings, or Web sites. | Core |
| Photograph objects, places, or scenes for reference material. | Core |
| Submit preliminary or finished artwork or project plans to clients for approval, incorporating changes as necessary. | Supplemental |
| Create finished art work as decoration, or to elucidate or substitute for spoken or written messages. | Supplemental |
| Cut, bend, laminate, arrange, and fasten individual or mixed raw and manufactured materials and products to form works of art. | Supplemental |
| Render drawings, illustrations, and sketches of buildings, manufactured products, or models, working from sketches, blueprints, memory, models, or reference materials. | Supplemental |
| Create sketches, profiles, or likenesses of posed subjects or photographs, using any combination of freehand drawing, mechanical assembly kits, and computer imaging. | Supplemental |
| Create sculptures, statues, and other three-dimensional artwork by using abrasives and tools to shape, carve, and fabricate materials such as clay, stone, wood, or metal. | Supplemental |
| Develop project budgets for approval, estimating time lines and material costs. | Supplemental |
| Shade and fill in sketch outlines and backgrounds, using a variety of media such as water colors, markers, and transparent washes, labeling designated colors when necessary. | Supplemental |
| Collaborate with engineers, mechanics, and other technical experts as necessary to build and install creations. | Supplemental |
| Create and prepare sketches and model drawings of cartoon characters, providing details from memory, live models, manufactured products, or reference materials. | Supplemental |
| Brush or spray protective or decorative finishes on completed background panels, informational legends, exhibit accessories, or finished paintings. | Supplemental |
| Trace drawings onto clear acetate for painting or coloring, or trace them with ink to make final copies. | Supplemental |
| Apply solvents and cleaning agents to clean surfaces of paintings, and to remove accretions, discolorations, and deteriorated varnish. | Supplemental |
| Model substances such as clay or wax, using fingers and small hand tools to form objects. | Supplemental |
| Collaborate with writers who create ideas, stories, or captions that are combined with artists' work. | Supplemental |
| Provide entertainment at special events by performing activities such as drawing cartoons. | Supplemental |
| Set up exhibitions of artwork for display or sale. | Supplemental |
| Frame and mat artwork for display or sale. | Supplemental |
| Submit artwork to shows or galleries. | Supplemental |
| Teach artistic techniques to children or adults. | Supplemental |
0.62/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Use materials such as pens and ink, watercolors, charcoal, oil, or computer software to create artwork. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Integrate and develop visual elements, such as line, space, mass, color, and perspective, to produce desired effects, such as the illustration of ideas, emotions, or moods. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Photograph objects, places, or scenes for reference material. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Submit preliminary or finished artwork or project plans to clients for approval, incorporating changes as necessary. | E0 none |
| Create finished art work as decoration, or to elucidate or substitute for spoken or written messages. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Cut, bend, laminate, arrange, and fasten individual or mixed raw and manufactured materials and products to form works of art. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Create sketches, profiles, or likenesses of posed subjects or photographs, using any combination of freehand drawing, mechanical assembly kits, and computer imaging. | E2 structured facilities |
| Create sculptures, statues, and other three-dimensional artwork by using abrasives and tools to shape, carve, and fabricate materials such as clay, stone, wood, or metal. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Shade and fill in sketch outlines and backgrounds, using a variety of media such as water colors, markers, and transparent washes, labeling designated colors when necessary. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Brush or spray protective or decorative finishes on completed background panels, informational legends, exhibit accessories, or finished paintings. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Trace drawings onto clear acetate for painting or coloring, or trace them with ink to make final copies. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Apply solvents and cleaning agents to clean surfaces of paintings, and to remove accretions, discolorations, and deteriorated varnish. | E0 none |
| Model substances such as clay or wax, using fingers and small hand tools to form objects. | E0 none |
| Provide entertainment at special events by performing activities such as drawing cartoons. | E2 structured facilities |
| Set up exhibitions of artwork for display or sale. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Frame and mat artwork for display or sale. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 29K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 28K
- Change (2025–35)
- -2.9%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $55,490
- Typical education needed for entry
- Bachelor's degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 29411 | 화가 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 29412 | 조각가 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 29413 | 서예가 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 29431 | 만화가 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 29544 | 삽화가 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 29491 | 영상 및 미디어 예술가 | Overlapping, not the same | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2651Visual Artists
- ISCO-08 3118Draughtspersons
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- conceptual artistESCO 2651.5Same scope
Conceptual artists have the capacity to choose any material as an artistic tool or/and material to express a creative concept to be presented as an artistic experience to the public. Their work, belonging to the fine arts, can be two-dimensional (drawing, painting, collage), three-dimensional (sculpture, installation) or four-dimensional (moving images, performance).
- artistic painterESCO 2651.1This occupation is broader
Artistic painters create paintings in oil or water colours or pastel, miniatures, collages, and drawings executed directly by the artist and/or entirely under their control .
- cartoonistESCO 2651.3This occupation is broader
Cartoonists draw people, objects, events, etc. in a comical or derogatory way. They exaggerate physical features and personality traits. Cartoonists also portray political, economic, cultural ans social events in a humoristic way.
- decorative painterESCO 7316.1This occupation is broader
Decorative painters design and create visual art on different kinds of surfaces such as pottery, casings, glass and fabric. They use diverse materials and a variety of techniques to produce decorative illustrations ranging from stenciling to free-hand drawing.
- digital artistESCO 2166.6This occupation is broader
Digital artists create art which applies digital technology as an essential part of the creative process. Digital art is usually created using computers or more specialised digital equipment. It may be enjoyed using the same instruments, shared over the internet, or presented using more traditional media.
- drawing artistESCO 2651.6This occupation is broader
Drawing artists express concepts by providing a drawn representation corresponding to the idea.
- illustratorESCO 2166.11This occupation is broader
Illustrators provide a visual representation that corresponds to the content of the associated text or idea. Illustrations can help clarify difficult concepts or objects that are hard to describe textually. Illustrators can work for books, magazines, journals, comic books and other publications.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| B1101 | Artiste Plasticien / Plasticienne | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| B1103 | Sculpteur / Sculptrice | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| B1104 | Artiste peintre | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| E1211 | Dessinateur-illustrateur / Dessinatrice-illustratrice | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2931 | Artistas de artes plásticas y visuales | Same scopeprovisional |
| 2484 | Diseñadores gráficos y multimedia | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 93323 | Kunstmaler/innen und Zeichner/innen - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | This occupation is broader |
| 93304 | Berufe in Kunsthandwerk und bildender Kunst (ohne Spezialisierung) - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Overlapping, not the same |
| 93312 | Berufe in der Bildhauerei - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
| 93313 | Berufe in der Bildhauerei - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 94612 | Berufe in der Bühnen- und Kostümbildnerei - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 221 | 彫刻家 | This occupation is broader |
| 222 | 画家，書家 | This occupation is broader |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources