Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 27-2023.00
Officiate at competitive athletic or sporting events. Detect infractions of rules and decide penalties according to established regulations. Includes all sporting officials, referees, and competition judges.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Moderate· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.37
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only16 rated tasks · 7 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (43.8%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Teach and explain the rules and regulations governing a specific sport.27-2023.00 | 0.0059100.0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 14 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | |
Officiate at sporting events, games, or competitions, to maintain standards of play and to ensure that game rules are observed. | —0 |
Judge performances in sporting competitions in order to award points, impose scoring penalties, and determine results. | —0 |
Signal participants or other officials to make them aware of infractions or to otherwise regulate play or competition. | —0 |
Inspect sporting equipment and/or examine participants in order to ensure compliance with event and safety regulations. | —0 |
Keep track of event times, including race times and elapsed time during game segments, starting or stopping play when necessary. | —0 |
Start races and competitions. | —0 |
Resolve claims of rule infractions or complaints by participants and assess any necessary penalties, according to regulations. | —0 |
Verify scoring calculations before competition winners are announced. | —0 |
Direct participants to assigned areas such as starting blocks or penalty areas. | —0 |
Report to regulating organizations regarding sporting activities, complaints made, and actions taken or needed such as fines or other disciplinary actions. | —0 |
Confer with other sporting officials, coaches, players, and facility managers in order to provide information, coordinate activities, and discuss problems. | —0 |
Research and study players and teams in order to anticipate issues that might arise in future engagements. | —0 |
Verify credentials of participants in sporting events, and make other qualifying determinations such as starting order or handicap number. | —0 |
Compile scores and other athletic records. | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Verify scoring calculations before competition winners are announced.O*NET Task ID 3916 | 1.0 |
Report to regulating organizations regarding sporting activities, complaints made, and actions taken or needed, such as fines or other disciplinary actions.O*NET Task ID 3918 | 1.0 |
Teach and explain the rules and regulations governing a specific sport.O*NET Task ID 3920 | 1.0 |
Compile scores and other athletic records.O*NET Task ID 3923 | 1.0 |
Judge performances in sporting competitions to award points, impose scoring penalties, and determine results.O*NET Task ID 3910 | 0.5 |
Research and study players and teams to anticipate issues that might arise in future engagements.O*NET Task ID 3921 | 0.5 |
Verify credentials of participants in sporting events, and make other qualifying determinations, such as starting order or handicap number.O*NET Task ID 3922 | 0.5 |
Officiate at sporting events, games, or competitions, to maintain standards of play and to ensure that game rules are observed.O*NET Task ID 3909 | 0.0 |
Signal participants or other officials to make them aware of infractions or to otherwise regulate play or competition.O*NET Task ID 3911 | 0.0 |
Inspect sporting equipment or examine participants to ensure compliance with event and safety regulations.O*NET Task ID 3912 | 0.0 |
Keep track of event times, including race times and elapsed time during game segments, starting or stopping play when necessary.O*NET Task ID 3913 | 0.0 |
Start races and competitions.O*NET Task ID 3914 | 0.0 |
Resolve claims of rule infractions or complaints by participants and assess any necessary penalties, according to regulations.O*NET Task ID 3915 | 0.0 |
Direct participants to assigned areas, such as starting blocks or penalty areas.O*NET Task ID 3917 | 0.0 |
Confer with other sporting officials, coaches, players, and facility managers to provide information, coordinate activities, and discuss problems.O*NET Task ID 3919 | 0.0 |
Inspect game sites for compliance with regulations or safety requirements.O*NET Task ID 23912 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (16)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Officiate at sporting events, games, or competitions, to maintain standards of play and to ensure that game rules are observed. | Core |
| Signal participants or other officials to make them aware of infractions or to otherwise regulate play or competition. | Core |
| Inspect sporting equipment or examine participants to ensure compliance with event and safety regulations. | Core |
| Resolve claims of rule infractions or complaints by participants and assess any necessary penalties, according to regulations. | Core |
| Report to regulating organizations regarding sporting activities, complaints made, and actions taken or needed, such as fines or other disciplinary actions. | Core |
| Confer with other sporting officials, coaches, players, and facility managers to provide information, coordinate activities, and discuss problems. | Core |
| Teach and explain the rules and regulations governing a specific sport. | Core |
| Inspect game sites for compliance with regulations or safety requirements. | Core |
| Judge performances in sporting competitions to award points, impose scoring penalties, and determine results. | Supplemental |
| Keep track of event times, including race times and elapsed time during game segments, starting or stopping play when necessary. | Supplemental |
| Start races and competitions. | Supplemental |
| Verify scoring calculations before competition winners are announced. | Supplemental |
| Direct participants to assigned areas, such as starting blocks or penalty areas. | Supplemental |
| Research and study players and teams to anticipate issues that might arise in future engagements. | Supplemental |
| Verify credentials of participants in sporting events, and make other qualifying determinations, such as starting order or handicap number. | Supplemental |
| Compile scores and other athletic records. | Supplemental |
0.06/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Officiate at sporting events, games, or competitions, to maintain standards of play and to ensure that game rules are observed. | E0 none |
| Inspect sporting equipment or examine participants to ensure compliance with event and safety regulations. | E0 none |
| Inspect game sites for compliance with regulations or safety requirements. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Start races and competitions. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 18K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 19K
- Change (2025–35)
- +5.2%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $40,710
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 29631 | 경기 심판 | Same scope | confirmed |
| 29632 | 경기 기록원 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 3422Sports Coaches, Instructors and Officials
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- sport officialESCO 3422.3Same scope
Sports officials are responsible for administering the rules and laws of a sport and for ensuring fair play according to the rules and laws. The role includes applying rules/ laws during the sport or activity, contributing to health, safety and protection of participants and others during the sport or activity, organising sport events, establishing and maintaining effective working relationships with competitors and others, and communicating effectively.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| L1402 | Arbitre professionnel / Professionnelle de discipline sportive | Same scopeprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 3722 | Entrenadores y árbitros de actividades deportivas | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 84583 | Sportlehrer/innen (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 245 | 職業スポーツ従事者 | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources