Court Reporters and Simultaneous Captioners

Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations

O*NET-SOC code: 27-3092.00

Use verbatim methods and equipment to capture, store, retrieve, and transcribe pretrial and trial proceedings or other information. Includes stenocaptioners who operate computerized stenographic captioning equipment to provide captions of live or prerecorded broadcasts for hearing-impaired viewers.

Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery high
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
Source dataset (XLSX download)
Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.343
0.000Range of values carried here0.745
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
Source dataset (CSV download)
Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.54
0.09Range of values carried here0.70
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
Source dataset (PDF download)

What kind of figure this source publishes

The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.

Task-level exposure

Exposed tasks only

14 rated tasks · 14 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (100.0%)

β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.

Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
1 rated task is not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; its score is kept as published for O*NET 27.2.

Source: OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
Release: gh-main-0471612
License: MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI

Tasks of O*NET-SOC 2010 occupation 23-2091.00 Court Reporters, linked to this occupation by the O*NET-SOC 2010 to 2019 crosswalk

Task (O*NET 20.1)	Claude.aiRaw / share %
Transcribe recorded proceedings in accordance with established formats. 23-2091.00	0.048171.3
Record symbols on computer storage media and use computer aided transcription to translate and display them as text. 23-2091.00	0.019328.7
Not observed on any surface — 9 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states.
Take notes in shorthand or use a stenotype or shorthand machine that prints letters on a paper tape.	—0
Provide transcripts of proceedings upon request of judges, lawyers, or the public.	—0
Record verbatim proceedings of courts, legislative assemblies, committee meetings, and other proceedings, using computerized recording equipment, electronic stenograph machines, or stenomasks.	—0
Ask speakers to clarify inaudible statements.	—0
File a legible transcript of records of a court case with the court clerk's office.	—0
File and store shorthand notes of court session.	—0
Respond to requests during court sessions to read portions of the proceedings already recorded.	—0
Record depositions and other proceedings for attorneys.	—0
Verify accuracy of transcripts by checking copies against original records of proceedings and accuracy of rulings by checking with judges.	—0

Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.

Task (O*NET 27.2)	βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Take notes in shorthand or use a stenotype or shorthand machine that prints letters on a paper tape. O*NET Task ID 8653	1.0
Provide transcripts of proceedings upon request of judges, lawyers, or the public. O*NET Task ID 8654	1.0
Record verbatim proceedings of courts, legislative assemblies, committee meetings, and other proceedings, using computerized recording equipment, electronic stenograph machines, or stenomasks. O*NET Task ID 8655	1.0
Transcribe recorded proceedings in accordance with established formats. O*NET Task ID 8656	1.0
Ask speakers to clarify inaudible statements. O*NET Task ID 8657	1.0
File a legible transcript of records of a court case with the court clerk's office. O*NET Task ID 8658	1.0
File and store shorthand notes of court session. O*NET Task ID 8659	1.0
Respond to requests during court sessions to read portions of the proceedings already recorded. O*NET Task ID 8660	1.0
Record depositions and other proceedings for attorneys. O*NET Task ID 8661	1.0
Verify accuracy of transcripts by checking copies against original records of proceedings and accuracy of rulings by checking with judges. O*NET Task ID 8662	1.0
Record symbols on computer storage media and use computer aided transcription to translate and display them as text. O*NET Task ID 8663	1.0
Proofread transcripts for correct spelling of words. O*NET Task ID 21183	1.0
Type court orders for judges. O*NET Task ID 21185	1.0
Log and store exhibits from court proceedings. O*NET Task ID 21184	0.5
Show 4 more tasks ▾Show less ▴

β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

All O*NET 31.0 task statements (15)

All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.

Task (O*NET 31.0)	Type
Take notes in shorthand or use a stenotype or shorthand machine that prints letters on a paper tape.	Core
Provide transcripts of proceedings upon request of judges, lawyers, or the public.	Core
Record verbatim proceedings of courts, legislative assemblies, committee meetings, and other proceedings, using computerized recording equipment, electronic stenograph machines, or stenomasks.	Core
Transcribe recorded proceedings in accordance with established formats.	Core
Ask speakers to clarify inaudible statements.	Core
File a legible transcript of records of a court case with the court clerk's office.	Core
File and store shorthand notes of court session.	Core
Respond to requests during court sessions to read portions of the proceedings already recorded.	Core
Record depositions and other proceedings for attorneys.	Core
Record symbols on computer storage media and use computer aided transcription to translate and display them as text.	Core
Proofread transcripts for correct spelling of words.	Core
Swear in witnesses.	Core
Verify accuracy of transcripts by checking copies against original records of proceedings and accuracy of rulings by checking with judges.	Supplemental
Log and store exhibits from court proceedings.	Supplemental
File exhibits.	Supplemental

Anthropic, "What work can robots do?"2026-09

0.03/ 3· Robot exposure index

0 none3 unstructured settings

Scale, basis and source

Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time

Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks

Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.

Source dataset

The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.

Tier of each physical task

Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)

E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site

Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.

Task (O*NET 29.3)	Robot environment tier
Log and store exhibits from court proceedings.	E1 purpose-built robot settings

Employment outlook (BLS)

Employment, 2025: 20K
Projected employment, 2035: 20K
Change (2025–35): -0.1%
Median annual wage, 2025: $72,420
Typical education needed for entry: Postsecondary nondegree award

lowest $30,890median wage across 825 detailed occupations, BLS EP 2025–35highest $559,030

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — Employment by detailed occupation, 2025 and projected 2035

Korea classification links (KSCO)

Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.

KSCO code	KSCO title	Relation	Status
37240	속기사	Same scope	confirmed

Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)

ILO occupational description

AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.

ISCO-08 3343Administrative and Executive Secretaries

The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.

Administrative and executive secretaries perform liaison, coordination and organizational tasks in support of managers and professionals and/or prepare correspondence, reports and records of proceedings and other specialized documentation.

Tasks

(a) drafting administrative correspondence and minutes;
(b) obtaining, proposing and monitoring deadlines and follow-up dates;
(c) screening requests for meetings, and scheduling and organizing meetings and travel arrangements;
(d) assisting in the preparation of budgets, monitoring of expenditures, drafting of contracts and purchasing or acquisition orders;
(e) liaising with other staff about a range of matters relating to the organization’s operations;
(f) writing and answering business or technical letters and other similar correspondence;
(g) preparing verbatim reports of proceedings in legislative assemblies, courts of law or other places using shorthand or specialized office equipment.
(h) supervising the work of clerical support workers.

Example occupations

Administrative secretary · Correspondence assistant · Court reporter · Executive assistant · Personal assistant

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO occupational vocabulary

Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.

court reporterESCO 3343.1.1Same scope
Court reporters type in word processors or any other software each one of the words mentioned in the courtroom. They transcript the hearings that take place in court in order to issue the official hearings of the legal case. They allow that the case can be further studied by the parties in an accurate fashion.

Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

View original

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

France classification links (ROME)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.

ROME code	ROME title (French)	Relation
E1122	Transcripteur adaptateur / Transcriptrice adaptatrice	Overlapping, not the same
K1909	Greffier / Greffière	Related, not a match

Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.

ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)

Spain classification links (CNO-11)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

CNO-11 code	CNO-11 title (Spanish)	Relation
3613	Asistentes de dirección y administrativos	This occupation is narrowerprovisional
2923	Filólogos, intérpretes y traductores	Related, not a match

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)

Germany classification links (KldB)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

KldB code	KldB title (German)	Relation
71433	Steno- und Phonotypisten/-typistinnen - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten	This occupation is broaderprovisional
71423	Dolmetscher/innen und Übersetzer/innen - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten	Related, not a matchprovisional
71432	Steno- und Phonotypisten/-typistinnen - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten	Related, not a matchprovisional

Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)

Japan classification links (JSCO)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

JSCO code	JSCO title (Japanese)	Relation
249	他に分類されない専門的職業従事者	This occupation is narrower

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)

Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources