- O*NET-SOC code
- 29-1217.00
Diagnose, manage, and treat disorders and diseases of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, with a primarily nonsurgical focus.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.27–0.29· 2 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 2211Generalist Medical Practitioners0.29
- ISCO-08 2212Specialist Medical Practitioners0.27
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only24 rated tasks · 20 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (83.3%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Prepare, maintain, or review records that include patients' histories, neurological examination findings, treatment plans, or outcomes.O*NET Task ID 17119 | 1.0 |
Participate in neuroscience research activities.O*NET Task ID 17109 | 0.5 |
Provide training to medical students or staff members.O*NET Task ID 17110 | 0.5 |
Participate in continuing education activities to maintain and expand competence.O*NET Task ID 17111 | 0.5 |
Supervise medical technicians in the performance of neurological diagnostic or therapeutic activities.O*NET Task ID 17112 | 0.5 |
Counsel patients or others on the background of neurological disorders including risk factors, or genetic or environmental concerns.O*NET Task ID 17113 | 0.5 |
Interpret the results of neuroimaging studies, such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans.O*NET Task ID 17114 | 0.5 |
Refer patients to other health care practitioners as necessary.O*NET Task ID 17115 | 0.5 |
Advise other physicians on the treatment of neurological problems.O*NET Task ID 17116 | 0.5 |
Prescribe or administer medications, such as anti-epileptic drugs, and monitor patients for behavioral and cognitive side effects.O*NET Task ID 17117 | 0.5 |
Order or interpret results of laboratory analyses of patients' blood or cerebrospinal fluid.O*NET Task ID 17121 | 0.5 |
Order supportive care services, such as physical therapy, specialized nursing care, and social services.O*NET Task ID 17122 | 0.5 |
Interview patients to obtain information, such as complaints, symptoms, medical histories, and family histories.O*NET Task ID 17123 | 0.5 |
Inform patients or families of neurological diagnoses and prognoses, or benefits, risks and costs of various treatment plans.O*NET Task ID 17124 | 0.5 |
Diagnose neurological conditions based on interpretation of examination findings, histories, or test results.O*NET Task ID 17125 | 0.5 |
Develop treatment plans based on diagnoses and on evaluation of factors, such as age and general health, or procedural risks and costs.O*NET Task ID 17126 | 0.5 |
Communicate with other health care professionals regarding patients' conditions and care.O*NET Task ID 17128 | 0.5 |
Coordinate neurological services with other health care team activities.O*NET Task ID 17129 | 0.5 |
Perform or interpret the outcomes of procedures or diagnostic tests, such as lumbar punctures, electroencephalography, electromyography, and nerve conduction velocity tests.O*NET Task ID 17130 | 0.5 |
Identify and treat major neurological system diseases and disorders, such as central nervous system infection, cranio spinal trauma, dementia, and stroke.O*NET Task ID 17131 | 0.5 |
Prescribe or administer treatments, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation, and deep brain stimulation.O*NET Task ID 17118 | 0.0 |
Perform specialized treatments in areas such as sleep disorders, neuroimmunology, neuro-oncology, behavioral neurology, and neurogenetics.O*NET Task ID 17120 | 0.0 |
Determine brain death using accepted tests and procedures.O*NET Task ID 17127 | 0.0 |
Examine patients to obtain information about functional status of areas, such as vision, physical strength, coordination, reflexes, sensations, language skills, cognitive abilities, and mental status.O*NET Task ID 17132 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (24)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Participate in neuroscience research activities. | Core |
| Provide training to medical students or staff members. | Core |
| Participate in continuing education activities to maintain and expand competence. | Core |
| Supervise medical technicians in the performance of neurological diagnostic or therapeutic activities. | Core |
| Counsel patients or others on the background of neurological disorders including risk factors, or genetic or environmental concerns. | Core |
| Interpret the results of neuroimaging studies, such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans. | Core |
| Refer patients to other health care practitioners as necessary. | Core |
| Advise other physicians on the treatment of neurological problems. | Core |
| Prescribe or administer medications, such as anti-epileptic drugs, and monitor patients for behavioral and cognitive side effects. | Core |
| Prepare, maintain, or review records that include patients' histories, neurological examination findings, treatment plans, or outcomes. | Core |
| Order or interpret results of laboratory analyses of patients' blood or cerebrospinal fluid. | Core |
| Order supportive care services, such as physical therapy, specialized nursing care, and social services. | Core |
| Interview patients to obtain information, such as complaints, symptoms, medical histories, and family histories. | Core |
| Inform patients or families of neurological diagnoses and prognoses, or benefits, risks and costs of various treatment plans. | Core |
| Diagnose neurological conditions based on interpretation of examination findings, histories, or test results. | Core |
| Develop treatment plans based on diagnoses and on evaluation of factors, such as age and general health, or procedural risks and costs. | Core |
| Determine brain death using accepted tests and procedures. | Core |
| Communicate with other health care professionals regarding patients' conditions and care. | Core |
| Coordinate neurological services with other health care team activities. | Core |
| Perform or interpret the outcomes of procedures or diagnostic tests, such as lumbar punctures, electroencephalography, electromyography, and nerve conduction velocity tests. | Core |
| Identify and treat major neurological system diseases and disorders, such as central nervous system infection, cranio spinal trauma, dementia, and stroke. | Core |
| Examine patients to obtain information about functional status of areas, such as vision, physical strength, coordination, reflexes, sensations, language skills, cognitive abilities, and mental status. | Core |
| Prescribe or administer treatments, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation, and deep brain stimulation. | Supplemental |
| Perform specialized treatments in areas such as sleep disorders, neuroimmunology, neuro-oncology, behavioral neurology, and neurogenetics. | Supplemental |
0.00/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Determine brain death using accepted tests and procedures. | E0 none |
| Perform or interpret the outcomes of procedures or diagnostic tests, such as lumbar punctures, electroencephalography, electromyography, and nerve conduction velocity tests. | E0 none |
| Identify and treat major neurological system diseases and disorders, such as central nervous system infection, cranio spinal trauma, dementia, and stroke. | E0 none |
| Examine patients to obtain information about functional status of areas, such as vision, physical strength, coordination, reflexes, sensations, language skills, cognitive abilities, and mental status. | E0 none |
| Prescribe or administer treatments, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation, and deep brain stimulation. | E0 none |
| Perform specialized treatments in areas such as sleep disorders, neuroimmunology, neuro-oncology, behavioral neurology, and neurogenetics. | E0 none |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 11K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 12K
- Change (2025–35)
- +6.4%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $248,560
- Typical education needed for entry
- Doctoral or professional degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 24115 | 정신건강의학과 및 신경과 전문 의사 | This occupation is narrower | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2211Generalist Medical Practitioners
- ISCO-08 2212Specialist Medical Practitioners
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- specialised doctorESCO 2212.1This occupation is narrower
Specialised doctors prevent, diagnose and treat diseases depending on their medical or surgical specialty.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| J1132 | Neurologue | Same scopeprovisional |
| J1139 | Neurochirurgien / Neurochirurgienne | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2112 | Otros médicos especialistas | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 81464 | Fachärzte/-ärztinnen in der Neurologie, Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und psychosomatischen Medizin - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 121 | 医師 | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources