Ophthalmologists, Except Pediatric
Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 29-1241.00
Diagnose and perform surgery to treat and help prevent disorders and diseases of the eye. May also provide vision services for treatment including glasses and contacts.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Moderate· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.27–0.29· 2 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 2211Generalist Medical Practitioners0.29
- ISCO-08 2212Specialist Medical Practitioners0.27
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only18 rated tasks · 14 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (77.8%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Tasks of O*NET-SOC 2010 occupation 29-1069.06 Ophthalmologists, linked to this occupation by the O*NET-SOC 2010 to 2019 crosswalk
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Educate patients about maintenance and promotion of healthy vision.29-1069.06 | 0.020975.9 |
Diagnose or treat injuries, disorders, or diseases of the eye and eye structures including the cornea, sclera, conjunctiva, or eyelids.29-1069.06 | 0.00269.4 |
Develop treatment plans based on patients' histories and goals, the nature and severity of disorders, and treatment risks and benefits.29-1069.06 | 0.00227.9 |
Provide ophthalmic consultation to other medical professionals.29-1069.06 | 0.00196.8 |
| Not observed on any surface — 14 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | |
Refer patients for more specialized treatments when conditions exceed the experience, expertise, or scope of practice of practitioner. | —0 |
Instruct interns, residents, or others in ophthalmologic procedures and techniques. | —0 |
Develop or implement plans and procedures for ophthalmologic services. | —0 |
Conduct clinical or laboratory-based research in ophthalmology. | —0 |
Collaborate with multidisciplinary teams of health professionals to provide optimal patient care. | —0 |
Provide or direct the provision of postoperative care. | —0 |
Document or evaluate patients' medical histories. | —0 |
Prescribe corrective lenses such as glasses and contact lenses. | —0 |
Prescribe or administer topical or systemic medications to treat ophthalmic conditions and to manage pain. | —0 |
Perform, order, or interpret the results of diagnostic or clinical tests. | —0 |
Perform laser surgeries to alter, remove, reshape, or replace ocular tissue. | —0 |
Perform ophthalmic surgeries such as cataract, glaucoma, refractive, corneal, vitro-retinal, eye muscle, and oculoplastic surgeries. | —0 |
Prescribe ophthalmologic treatments or therapies such as chemotherapy, cryotherapy, and low vision therapy. | —0 |
Perform comprehensive examinations of the visual system to determine the nature or extent of ocular disorders. | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Document or evaluate patients' medical histories.O*NET Task ID 17167 | 1.0 |
Provide ophthalmic consultation to other medical professionals.O*NET Task ID 17159 | 0.5 |
Refer patients for more specialized treatments when conditions exceed the experience, expertise, or scope of practice of practitioner.O*NET Task ID 17160 | 0.5 |
Develop or implement plans and procedures for ophthalmologic services.O*NET Task ID 17162 | 0.5 |
Educate patients about maintenance and promotion of healthy vision.O*NET Task ID 17163 | 0.5 |
Conduct clinical or laboratory-based research in ophthalmology.O*NET Task ID 17164 | 0.5 |
Collaborate with multidisciplinary teams of health professionals to provide optimal patient care.O*NET Task ID 17165 | 0.5 |
Prescribe corrective lenses such as glasses or contact lenses.O*NET Task ID 17168 | 0.5 |
Prescribe or administer topical or systemic medications to treat ophthalmic conditions and to manage pain.O*NET Task ID 17169 | 0.5 |
Perform, order, or interpret the results of diagnostic or clinical tests.O*NET Task ID 17170 | 0.5 |
Develop treatment plans based on patients' histories and goals, the nature and severity of disorders, and treatment risks and benefits.O*NET Task ID 17171 | 0.5 |
Prescribe ophthalmologic treatments or therapies such as chemotherapy, cryotherapy, or low vision therapy.O*NET Task ID 17174 | 0.5 |
Perform comprehensive examinations of the visual system to determine the nature or extent of ocular disorders.O*NET Task ID 17175 | 0.5 |
Diagnose or treat injuries, disorders, or diseases of the eye and eye structures including the cornea, sclera, conjunctiva, or eyelids.O*NET Task ID 17176 | 0.5 |
Instruct interns, residents, or others in ophthalmologic procedures and techniques.O*NET Task ID 17161 | 0.0 |
Provide or direct the provision of postoperative care.O*NET Task ID 17166 | 0.0 |
Perform laser surgeries to alter, remove, reshape, or replace ocular tissue.O*NET Task ID 17172 | 0.0 |
Perform ophthalmic surgeries such as cataract, glaucoma, refractive, corneal, vitro-retinal, eye muscle, or oculoplastic surgeries.O*NET Task ID 17173 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (18)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Provide ophthalmic consultation to other medical professionals. | Core |
| Refer patients for more specialized treatments when conditions exceed the experience, expertise, or scope of practice of practitioner. | Core |
| Develop or implement plans and procedures for ophthalmologic services. | Core |
| Educate patients about maintenance and promotion of healthy vision. | Core |
| Collaborate with multidisciplinary teams of health professionals to provide optimal patient care. | Core |
| Provide or direct the provision of postoperative care. | Core |
| Document or evaluate patients' medical histories. | Core |
| Prescribe corrective lenses such as glasses or contact lenses. | Core |
| Prescribe or administer topical or systemic medications to treat ophthalmic conditions and to manage pain. | Core |
| Perform, order, or interpret the results of diagnostic or clinical tests. | Core |
| Develop treatment plans based on patients' histories and goals, the nature and severity of disorders, and treatment risks and benefits. | Core |
| Perform laser surgeries to alter, remove, reshape, or replace ocular tissue. | Core |
| Perform ophthalmic surgeries such as cataract, glaucoma, refractive, corneal, vitro-retinal, eye muscle, or oculoplastic surgeries. | Core |
| Prescribe ophthalmologic treatments or therapies such as chemotherapy, cryotherapy, or low vision therapy. | Core |
| Perform comprehensive examinations of the visual system to determine the nature or extent of ocular disorders. | Core |
| Diagnose or treat injuries, disorders, or diseases of the eye and eye structures including the cornea, sclera, conjunctiva, or eyelids. | Core |
| Instruct interns, residents, or others in ophthalmologic procedures and techniques. | Supplemental |
| Conduct clinical or laboratory-based research in ophthalmology. | Supplemental |
0.03/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Provide or direct the provision of postoperative care. | E0 none |
| Prescribe or administer topical or systemic medications to treat ophthalmic conditions and to manage pain. | E0 none |
| Perform, order, or interpret the results of diagnostic or clinical tests. | E0 none |
| Perform laser surgeries to alter, remove, reshape, or replace ocular tissue. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Perform ophthalmic surgeries such as cataract, glaucoma, refractive, corneal, vitro-retinal, eye muscle, or oculoplastic surgeries. | E0 none |
| Perform comprehensive examinations of the visual system to determine the nature or extent of ocular disorders. | E0 none |
| Diagnose or treat injuries, disorders, or diseases of the eye and eye structures including the cornea, sclera, conjunctiva, or eyelids. | E0 none |
| Conduct clinical or laboratory-based research in ophthalmology. | E0 none |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 10K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 10K
- Change (2025–35)
- +4.5%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $300,080
- Typical education needed for entry
- Doctoral or professional degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 24116 | 안과 및 이비인후과 전문 의사 | This occupation is narrower | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2211Generalist Medical Practitioners
- ISCO-08 2212Specialist Medical Practitioners
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- specialised doctorESCO 2212.1This occupation is narrower
Specialised doctors prevent, diagnose and treat diseases depending on their medical or surgical specialty.
- optometristESCO 2267.1Overlapping, not the same
Optometrists examine and test eyes to identify abnormalities, visual problems, or disease. They prescribe and fit lenses such as spectacles and contacts, and offer advice on visual problems. They may also refer patients to a medical practitioner. Their scope of practice and title varies according to national regulations.
- orthoptistESCO 2267.2Overlapping, not the same
Orthoptists diagnose and treat anomalies of binocular vision. They examine, assess and treat vision impairments, squint, amblyopia and eye motility disorders. Orthoptists apply these methods in particular in the fields of paediatrics, neurology, neuro-ophthalmology, ophthalmology, orthoptics, optometry, pleoptics and strabology assessing functional diseases of the eye for improving functional disorders of the visual system. They also provide counselling, preventive measures and training activities and may refract and prescribe glasses, such as prism corrective glasses.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| J1134 | Ophtalmologue | Same scopeprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2112 | Otros médicos especialistas | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 81444 | Fachärzte/-ärztinnen in den Bereichen Hautkrankheiten, Sinnes- und Geschlechtsorgane - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 121 | 医師 | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources