- O*NET-SOC code
- 29-1299.02
Diagnose and treat visual system disorders such as binocular vision and eye movement impairments.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.022
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.17–0.32· 3 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 2230Traditional and Complementary Medicine Professionals0.32
- ISCO-08 2269Health Professionals Not Elsewhere Classified0.20
- ISCO-08 3255Physiotherapy Technicians and Assistants0.17
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only16 rated tasks · 14 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (87.5%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Tasks of O*NET-SOC 2010 occupation 29-1199.05 Orthoptists, linked to this occupation by the O*NET-SOC 2010 to 2019 crosswalk
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Interpret clinical or diagnostic test results.29-1199.05 | 0.011153.5 |
Prepare diagnostic or treatment reports for other medical practitioners or therapists.29-1199.05 | 0.009746.5 |
| Not observed on any surface — 14 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | |
Assist ophthalmologists in diagnostic ophthalmic procedures, such as ultrasonography, fundus photography, and tonometry. | —0 |
Provide nonsurgical interventions, including corrective lenses, patches, drops, fusion exercises, or stereograms, to treat conditions such as strabismus, heterophoria, and convergence insufficiency. | —0 |
Develop nonsurgical treatment plans for patients with conditions such as strabismus, nystagmus, and other visual disorders. | —0 |
Perform diagnostic tests or measurements, such as motor testing, visual acuity testing, lensometry, retinoscopy, and color vision testing. | —0 |
Examine patients with problems related to ocular motility, binocular vision, amblyopia, or strabismus. | —0 |
Evaluate, diagnose, or treat disorders of the visual system with an emphasis on binocular vision or abnormal eye movements. | —0 |
Provide instructions to patients or family members concerning diagnoses or treatment plans. | —0 |
Refer patients to ophthalmic surgeons or other physicians. | —0 |
Develop or use special test and communication techniques to facilitate diagnosis and treatment of children or disabled patients. | —0 |
Collaborate with ophthalmologists, optometrists, or other specialists in the diagnosis, treatment, or management of conditions such as glaucoma, cataracts, and retinal diseases. | —0 |
Perform vision screening of children in schools or community health centers. | —0 |
Provide training related to clinical methods or orthoptics to students, resident physicians, or other health professionals. | —0 |
Participate in clinical research projects. | —0 |
Present or publish scientific papers. | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Provide instructions to patients or family members concerning diagnoses or treatment plans.O*NET Task ID 18432 | 1.0 |
Prepare diagnostic or treatment reports for other medical practitioners or therapists.O*NET Task ID 18436 | 1.0 |
Present or publish scientific papers.O*NET Task ID 18438 | 1.0 |
Assist ophthalmologists in diagnostic ophthalmic procedures, such as ultrasonography, fundus photography, and tonometry.O*NET Task ID 18425 | 0.5 |
Provide nonsurgical interventions, including corrective lenses, patches, drops, fusion exercises, or stereograms, to treat conditions such as strabismus, heterophoria, and convergence insufficiency.O*NET Task ID 18426 | 0.5 |
Develop nonsurgical treatment plans for patients with conditions such as strabismus, nystagmus, and other visual disorders.O*NET Task ID 18427 | 0.5 |
Perform diagnostic tests or measurements, such as motor testing, visual acuity testing, lensometry, retinoscopy, and color vision testing.O*NET Task ID 18428 | 0.5 |
Examine patients with problems related to ocular motility, binocular vision, amblyopia, or strabismus.O*NET Task ID 18429 | 0.5 |
Evaluate, diagnose, or treat disorders of the visual system with an emphasis on binocular vision or abnormal eye movements.O*NET Task ID 18430 | 0.5 |
Interpret clinical or diagnostic test results.O*NET Task ID 18431 | 0.5 |
Refer patients to ophthalmic surgeons or other physicians.O*NET Task ID 18433 | 0.5 |
Collaborate with ophthalmologists, optometrists, or other specialists in the diagnosis, treatment, or management of conditions such as glaucoma, cataracts, and retinal diseases.O*NET Task ID 18435 | 0.5 |
Participate in clinical research projects.O*NET Task ID 18437 | 0.5 |
Perform vision screening of children in schools or community health centers.O*NET Task ID 18439 | 0.5 |
Develop or use special test and communication techniques to facilitate diagnosis and treatment of children or disabled patients.O*NET Task ID 18434 | 0.0 |
Provide training related to clinical methods or orthoptics to students, resident physicians, or other health professionals.O*NET Task ID 18440 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (16)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Assist ophthalmologists in diagnostic ophthalmic procedures, such as ultrasonography, fundus photography, and tonometry. | Core |
| Provide nonsurgical interventions, including corrective lenses, patches, drops, fusion exercises, or stereograms, to treat conditions such as strabismus, heterophoria, and convergence insufficiency. | Core |
| Develop nonsurgical treatment plans for patients with conditions such as strabismus, nystagmus, and other visual disorders. | Core |
| Perform diagnostic tests or measurements, such as motor testing, visual acuity testing, lensometry, retinoscopy, and color vision testing. | Core |
| Examine patients with problems related to ocular motility, binocular vision, amblyopia, or strabismus. | Core |
| Evaluate, diagnose, or treat disorders of the visual system with an emphasis on binocular vision or abnormal eye movements. | Core |
| Interpret clinical or diagnostic test results. | Core |
| Provide instructions to patients or family members concerning diagnoses or treatment plans. | Core |
| Refer patients to ophthalmic surgeons or other physicians. | Core |
| Develop or use special test and communication techniques to facilitate diagnosis and treatment of children or patients with disabilities. | Core |
| Collaborate with ophthalmologists, optometrists, or other specialists in the diagnosis, treatment, or management of conditions such as glaucoma, cataracts, and retinal diseases. | Core |
| Prepare diagnostic or treatment reports for other medical practitioners or therapists. | Core |
| Participate in clinical research projects. | Core |
| Provide training related to clinical methods or orthoptics to students, resident physicians, or other health professionals. | Core |
| Present or publish scientific papers. | Supplemental |
| Perform vision screening of children in schools or community health centers. | Supplemental |
0.05/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Assist ophthalmologists in diagnostic ophthalmic procedures, such as ultrasonography, fundus photography, and tonometry. | E2 structured facilities |
| Provide nonsurgical interventions, including corrective lenses, patches, drops, fusion exercises, or stereograms, to treat conditions such as strabismus, heterophoria, and convergence insufficiency. | E0 none |
| Perform diagnostic tests or measurements, such as motor testing, visual acuity testing, lensometry, retinoscopy, and color vision testing. | E0 none |
| Examine patients with problems related to ocular motility, binocular vision, amblyopia, or strabismus. | E0 none |
| Evaluate, diagnose, or treat disorders of the visual system with an emphasis on binocular vision or abnormal eye movements. | E0 none |
| Develop or use special test and communication techniques to facilitate diagnosis and treatment of children or patients with disabilities. | E0 none |
| Participate in clinical research projects. | E0 none |
| Perform vision screening of children in schools or community health centers. | E0 none |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
Values for the whole SOC 29-1299 group (Healthcare diagnosing or treating practitioners, all other), not for this O*NET occupation alone.
- Employment, 2025
- 40K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 42K
- Change (2025–35)
- +5.5%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $115,210
- Typical education needed for entry
- Master's degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 24699 | 그 외 치료‧재활사 및 의료기사 | This occupation is narrower | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2230Traditional and Complementary Medicine Professionals
- ISCO-08 2269Health Professionals Not Elsewhere Classified
- ISCO-08 3255Physiotherapy Technicians and Assistants
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- orthoptistESCO 2267.2Same scope
Orthoptists diagnose and treat anomalies of binocular vision. They examine, assess and treat vision impairments, squint, amblyopia and eye motility disorders. Orthoptists apply these methods in particular in the fields of paediatrics, neurology, neuro-ophthalmology, ophthalmology, orthoptics, optometry, pleoptics and strabology assessing functional diseases of the eye for improving functional disorders of the visual system. They also provide counselling, preventive measures and training activities and may refract and prescribe glasses, such as prism corrective glasses.
- optometristESCO 2267.1Overlapping, not the same
Optometrists examine and test eyes to identify abnormalities, visual problems, or disease. They prescribe and fit lenses such as spectacles and contacts, and offer advice on visual problems. They may also refer patients to a medical practitioner. Their scope of practice and title varies according to national regulations.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| J1407 | Orthoptiste | Same scopeprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2155 | Ópticos-optometristas | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 81132 | Orthoptisten/Orthoptistinnen - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Same scopeprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 145 | 視能訓練士，言語聴覚士 | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources