Cardiovascular Technologists and Technicians

Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations

O*NET-SOC code: 29-2031.00

Conduct tests on pulmonary or cardiovascular systems of patients for diagnostic, therapeutic, or research purposes. May conduct or assist in electrocardiograms, cardiac catheterizations, pulmonary functions, lung capacity, and similar tests.

Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Moderate· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery high
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
Source dataset (XLSX download)
Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
Source dataset (CSV download)
Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.30
0.09Range of values carried here0.70
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
Source dataset (PDF download)

What kind of figure this source publishes

The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.

Task-level exposure

Exposed tasks only

25 rated tasks · 17 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (68.0%)

β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.

Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
4 rated tasks are not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; their scores are kept as published for O*NET 27.2.

Source: OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
Release: gh-main-0471612
License: MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI

Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.

Task (O*NET 27.2)	βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Enter factors, such as amount and quality of radiation beam, and filming sequence, into computer. O*NET Task ID 4146	1.0
Perform general administrative tasks, such as scheduling appointments or ordering supplies or equipment. O*NET Task ID 15234	1.0
Transcribe, type, and distribute reports of diagnostic procedures for interpretation by physician. O*NET Task ID 15237	1.0
Monitor patients' blood pressure and heart rate using electrocardiogram (EKG) equipment during diagnostic or therapeutic procedures to notify the physician if something appears wrong. O*NET Task ID 4127	0.5
Explain testing procedures to patients to obtain cooperation and reduce anxiety. O*NET Task ID 4129	0.5
Observe gauges, recorder, and video screens of data analysis system during imaging of cardiovascular system. O*NET Task ID 4131	0.5
Conduct electrocardiogram (EKG), phonocardiogram, echocardiogram, stress testing, or other cardiovascular tests to record patients' cardiac activity, using specialized electronic test equipment, recording devices, or laboratory instruments. O*NET Task ID 4132	0.5
Obtain and record patient identification, medical history, or test results. O*NET Task ID 4134	0.5
Attach electrodes to the patients' chests, arms, and legs, connect electrodes to leads from the electrocardiogram (EKG) machine, and operate the EKG machine to obtain a reading. O*NET Task ID 4135	0.5
Operate diagnostic imaging equipment to produce contrast enhanced radiographs of heart and cardiovascular system. O*NET Task ID 4140	0.5
Observe ultrasound display screen and listen to signals to record vascular information, such as blood pressure, limb volume changes, oxygen saturation, or cerebral circulation. O*NET Task ID 4142	0.5
Assess cardiac physiology and calculate valve areas from blood flow velocity measurements. O*NET Task ID 4143	0.5
Compare measurements of heart wall thickness and chamber sizes to standard norms to identify abnormalities. O*NET Task ID 4144	0.5
Activate fluoroscope and camera to produce images used to guide catheter through cardiovascular system. O*NET Task ID 4145	0.5
Conduct tests of pulmonary system, using spirometer or other respiratory testing equipment. O*NET Task ID 4147	0.5
Assist physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac or peripheral vascular treatments, such as implanting pacemakers or assisting with balloon angioplasties to treat blood vessel blockages. O*NET Task ID 15236	0.5
Set up 24-hour Holter and event monitors, scan and interpret tapes, and report results to physicians. O*NET Task ID 15238	0.5
Show 7 more tasks ▾Show less ▴
Monitor patients' comfort and safety during tests, alerting physicians to abnormalities or changes in patient responses. O*NET Task ID 4128	0.0
Prepare and position patients for testing. O*NET Task ID 4133	0.0
Adjust equipment and controls according to physicians' orders or established protocol. O*NET Task ID 4136	0.0
Check, test, and maintain cardiology equipment, making minor repairs when necessary, to ensure proper operation. O*NET Task ID 4137	0.0
Supervise or train other cardiology technologists or students. O*NET Task ID 4138	0.0
Inject contrast medium into patients' blood vessels. O*NET Task ID 4141	0.0
Maintain a proper sterile field during surgical procedures. O*NET Task ID 15235	0.0
Assist surgeons with vascular procedures, such as preparing balloons and stents. O*NET Task ID 20574	0.0

β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

All O*NET 31.0 task statements (21)

All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.

Task (O*NET 31.0)	Type
Monitor patients' blood pressure and heart rate using electrocardiogram (EKG) equipment during diagnostic or therapeutic procedures to notify the physician if something appears wrong.	Core
Monitor patients' comfort and safety during tests, alerting physicians to abnormalities or changes in patient responses.	Core
Explain testing procedures to patients to obtain cooperation and reduce anxiety.	Core
Conduct electrocardiogram (EKG), phonocardiogram, echocardiogram, stress testing, or other cardiovascular tests to record patients' cardiac activity, using specialized electronic test equipment, recording devices, or laboratory instruments.	Core
Prepare and position patients for testing.	Core
Obtain and record patient identification, medical history, or test results.	Core
Attach electrodes to the patients' chests, arms, and legs, connect electrodes to leads from the electrocardiogram (EKG) machine, and operate the EKG machine to obtain a reading.	Core
Adjust equipment and controls according to physicians' orders or established protocol.	Core
Check, test, and maintain cardiology equipment, making minor repairs when necessary, to ensure proper operation.	Core
Supervise or train other cardiology technologists or students.	Core
Observe gauges, recorder, and video screens of data analysis system during imaging of cardiovascular system.	Supplemental
Operate diagnostic imaging equipment to produce contrast enhanced radiographs of heart and cardiovascular system.	Supplemental
Inject contrast medium into patients' blood vessels.	Supplemental
Observe ultrasound display screen and listen to signals to record vascular information, such as blood pressure, limb volume changes, oxygen saturation, or cerebral circulation.	Supplemental
Assess cardiac physiology and calculate valve areas from blood flow velocity measurements.	Supplemental
Compare measurements of heart wall thickness and chamber sizes to standard norms to identify abnormalities.	Supplemental
Perform general administrative tasks, such as scheduling appointments or ordering supplies or equipment.	Supplemental
Maintain a proper sterile field during surgical procedures.	Supplemental
Assist physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac or peripheral vascular treatments, such as implanting pacemakers or assisting with balloon angioplasties to treat blood vessel blockages.	Supplemental
Transcribe, type, and distribute reports of diagnostic procedures for interpretation by physician.	Supplemental
Set up 24-hour Holter and event monitors, scan and interpret tapes, and report results to physicians.	Supplemental

Anthropic, "What work can robots do?"2026-09

0.04/ 3· Robot exposure index

0 none3 unstructured settings

Scale, basis and source

Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time

Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks

Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.

Source dataset

The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.

Tier of each physical task

Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)

E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site

Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.

Task (O*NET 29.3)	Robot environment tier
Conduct electrocardiogram (EKG), phonocardiogram, echocardiogram, stress testing, or other cardiovascular tests to record patients' cardiac activity, using specialized electronic test equipment, recording devices, or laboratory instruments.	E0 none
Prepare and position patients for testing.	E0 none
Attach electrodes to the patients' chests, arms, and legs, connect electrodes to leads from the electrocardiogram (EKG) machine, and operate the EKG machine to obtain a reading.	E0 none
Adjust equipment and controls according to physicians' orders or established protocol.	E1 purpose-built robot settings
Check, test, and maintain cardiology equipment, making minor repairs when necessary, to ensure proper operation.	E0 none
Operate diagnostic imaging equipment to produce contrast enhanced radiographs of heart and cardiovascular system.	E0 none
Inject contrast medium into patients' blood vessels.	E1 purpose-built robot settings
Observe ultrasound display screen and listen to signals to record vascular information, such as blood pressure, limb volume changes, oxygen saturation, or cerebral circulation.	E0 none
Maintain a proper sterile field during surgical procedures.	E0 none
Assist physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac or peripheral vascular treatments, such as implanting pacemakers or assisting with balloon angioplasties to treat blood vessel blockages.	E0 none
Set up 24-hour Holter and event monitors, scan and interpret tapes, and report results to physicians.	E0 none

Employment outlook (BLS)

Employment, 2025: 65K
Projected employment, 2035: 67K
Change (2025–35): +3.7%
Median annual wage, 2025: $74,310
Typical education needed for entry: Associate's degree

lowest $30,890median wage across 825 detailed occupations, BLS EP 2025–35highest $559,030

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — Employment by detailed occupation, 2025 and projected 2035

Korea classification links (KSCO)

Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.

KSCO code	KSCO title	Relation	Status
24610	임상병리사	This occupation is broader	confirmed
24620	방사선사	This occupation is broader	confirmed

Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)

ILO occupational description

AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.

ISCO-08 3259Health Associate Professionals Not Elsewhere Classified

The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.

This unit group covers health associate professionals not classified elsewhere in Sub-major Group 32: Health Associate Professionals. For instance, the group includes occupations such as HIV counsellor, family planning counsellor and other health associate professionals.

Tasks

In such cases tasks would include:
(a) interviewing and examining patients to obtain information on their health status and the nature and extent of injury, illness or other physical or mental health condition;
(b) providing information and counselling to patients and families about certain health conditions, prevention and treatment options, treatment adherence, and personal behaviours that can affect health outcomes;
(c) administering therapeutic care and treatment to patients;
(d ) performing certain basic clinical procedures, such as administration of HIV antibody tests or insertion of intrauterine devices;
(e) dispensing and advising on dietary supplements, antiretroviral and prophylaxis medications, and other healthcare products
(f) monitoring patients' progress through treatment plans, and identifying signs and symptoms requiring referral to a medical doctor or other health professional;
(g) recording information on patients' health status and responses to treatment in medical records-keeping systems;
(h) sharing information with other health care providers when required to ensure continuing and comprehensive care.

Example occupations

Anaesthesia technician · Family planning counsellor · HIV counsellor · Respiratory therapy technician

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO occupational vocabulary

Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.

clinical perfusion scientistESCO 3211.1Overlapping, not the same
Clinical perfusion scientists operate heart-lung equipment during surgical operations to ensure breathing and blood circulation. They work as part of the surgical team, connect patients to the heart-lung machines in preparation for surgery, monitor their condition during surgery, report to the team on the patients' status and determine the necessary techniques according to their needs.

Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

View original

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

France classification links (ROME)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.

ROME code	ROME title (French)	Relation
J1306	Manipulateur / Manipulatrice d'électroradiologie médicale	Related, not a matchprovisional

Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.

ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)

Spain classification links (CNO-11)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

CNO-11 code	CNO-11 title (Spanish)	Relation
3312	Técnicos en imagen para el diagnóstico	This occupation is narrower

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)

Germany classification links (KldB)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

KldB code	KldB title (German)	Relation
81222	Medizinisch-technische Berufe in der Funktionsdiagnostik - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten	This occupation is narrower
81223	Medizinisch-technische Berufe in der Funktionsdiagnostik - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten	Overlapping, not the same
81224	Medizinisch-technische Berufe in der Funktionsdiagnostik - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten	Related, not a matchprovisional

Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)

Japan classification links (JSCO)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

JSCO code	JSCO title (Japanese)	Relation
143	臨床検査技師	This occupation is narrowerprovisional
142	臨床工学技士	Related, not a matchprovisional

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)

Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources