Cardiovascular Technologists and Technicians
Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 29-2031.00
Conduct tests on pulmonary or cardiovascular systems of patients for diagnostic, therapeutic, or research purposes. May conduct or assist in electrocardiograms, cardiac catheterizations, pulmonary functions, lung capacity, and similar tests.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Moderate· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.30
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only25 rated tasks · 17 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (68.0%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- 4 rated tasks are not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; their scores are kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Explain testing procedures to patients to obtain cooperation and reduce anxiety.29-2031.00 | 0.009076.3 | —0 |
Conduct electrocardiogram (EKG), phonocardiogram, echocardiogram, stress testing, or other cardiovascular tests to record patients' cardiac activity, using specialized electronic test equipment, recording devices, or laboratory instruments.29-2031.00 | 0.002823.7 | —0 |
Obtain and record patient identification, medical history, or test results. | —0 | 0.0026100.0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 22 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Monitor patients' blood pressure and heart rate using electrocardiogram (EKG) equipment during diagnostic or therapeutic procedures to notify the physician if something appears wrong. | —0 | —0 |
Monitor patients' comfort and safety during tests, alerting physicians to abnormalities or changes in patient responses. | —0 | —0 |
Prepare and position patients for testing. | —0 | —0 |
Attach electrodes to the patients' chests, arms, and legs, connect electrodes to leads from the electrocardiogram (EKG) machine, and operate the EKG machine to obtain a reading. | —0 | —0 |
Adjust equipment and controls according to physicians' orders or established protocol. | —0 | —0 |
Check, test, and maintain cardiology equipment, making minor repairs when necessary, to ensure proper operation. | —0 | —0 |
Supervise or train other cardiology technologists or students. | —0 | —0 |
Observe gauges, recorder, and video screens of data analysis system during imaging of cardiovascular system. | —0 | —0 |
Operate diagnostic imaging equipment to produce contrast enhanced radiographs of heart and cardiovascular system. | —0 | —0 |
Inject contrast medium into patients' blood vessels. | —0 | —0 |
Observe ultrasound display screen and listen to signals to record vascular information, such as blood pressure, limb volume changes, oxygen saturation, or cerebral circulation. | —0 | —0 |
Assess cardiac physiology and calculate valve areas from blood flow velocity measurements. | —0 | —0 |
Compare measurements of heart wall thickness and chamber sizes to standard norms to identify abnormalities. | —0 | —0 |
Activate fluoroscope and camera to produce images used to guide catheter through cardiovascular system. | —0 | —0 |
Enter factors such as amount and quality of radiation beam, and filming sequence, into computer. | —0 | —0 |
Conduct tests of pulmonary system, using spirometer or other respiratory testing equipment. | —0 | —0 |
Perform general administrative tasks, such as scheduling appointments or ordering supplies or equipment. | —0 | —0 |
Maintain a proper sterile field during surgical procedures. | —0 | —0 |
Assist physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac or peripheral vascular treatments, such as implanting pacemakers or assisting with balloon angioplasties to treat blood vessel blockages. | —0 | —0 |
Transcribe, type, and distribute reports of diagnostic procedures for interpretation by physician. | —0 | —0 |
Set up 24-hour Holter and event monitors, scan and interpret tapes, and report results to physicians. | —0 | —0 |
Assist surgeons with vascular procedures, such as preparing balloons and stents. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Enter factors, such as amount and quality of radiation beam, and filming sequence, into computer.O*NET Task ID 4146 | 1.0 |
Perform general administrative tasks, such as scheduling appointments or ordering supplies or equipment.O*NET Task ID 15234 | 1.0 |
Transcribe, type, and distribute reports of diagnostic procedures for interpretation by physician.O*NET Task ID 15237 | 1.0 |
Monitor patients' blood pressure and heart rate using electrocardiogram (EKG) equipment during diagnostic or therapeutic procedures to notify the physician if something appears wrong.O*NET Task ID 4127 | 0.5 |
Explain testing procedures to patients to obtain cooperation and reduce anxiety.O*NET Task ID 4129 | 0.5 |
Observe gauges, recorder, and video screens of data analysis system during imaging of cardiovascular system.O*NET Task ID 4131 | 0.5 |
Conduct electrocardiogram (EKG), phonocardiogram, echocardiogram, stress testing, or other cardiovascular tests to record patients' cardiac activity, using specialized electronic test equipment, recording devices, or laboratory instruments.O*NET Task ID 4132 | 0.5 |
Obtain and record patient identification, medical history, or test results.O*NET Task ID 4134 | 0.5 |
Attach electrodes to the patients' chests, arms, and legs, connect electrodes to leads from the electrocardiogram (EKG) machine, and operate the EKG machine to obtain a reading.O*NET Task ID 4135 | 0.5 |
Operate diagnostic imaging equipment to produce contrast enhanced radiographs of heart and cardiovascular system.O*NET Task ID 4140 | 0.5 |
Observe ultrasound display screen and listen to signals to record vascular information, such as blood pressure, limb volume changes, oxygen saturation, or cerebral circulation.O*NET Task ID 4142 | 0.5 |
Assess cardiac physiology and calculate valve areas from blood flow velocity measurements.O*NET Task ID 4143 | 0.5 |
Compare measurements of heart wall thickness and chamber sizes to standard norms to identify abnormalities.O*NET Task ID 4144 | 0.5 |
Activate fluoroscope and camera to produce images used to guide catheter through cardiovascular system.O*NET Task ID 4145 | 0.5 |
Conduct tests of pulmonary system, using spirometer or other respiratory testing equipment.O*NET Task ID 4147 | 0.5 |
Assist physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac or peripheral vascular treatments, such as implanting pacemakers or assisting with balloon angioplasties to treat blood vessel blockages.O*NET Task ID 15236 | 0.5 |
Set up 24-hour Holter and event monitors, scan and interpret tapes, and report results to physicians.O*NET Task ID 15238 | 0.5 |
Monitor patients' comfort and safety during tests, alerting physicians to abnormalities or changes in patient responses.O*NET Task ID 4128 | 0.0 |
Prepare and position patients for testing.O*NET Task ID 4133 | 0.0 |
Adjust equipment and controls according to physicians' orders or established protocol.O*NET Task ID 4136 | 0.0 |
Check, test, and maintain cardiology equipment, making minor repairs when necessary, to ensure proper operation.O*NET Task ID 4137 | 0.0 |
Supervise or train other cardiology technologists or students.O*NET Task ID 4138 | 0.0 |
Inject contrast medium into patients' blood vessels.O*NET Task ID 4141 | 0.0 |
Maintain a proper sterile field during surgical procedures.O*NET Task ID 15235 | 0.0 |
Assist surgeons with vascular procedures, such as preparing balloons and stents.O*NET Task ID 20574 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (21)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Monitor patients' blood pressure and heart rate using electrocardiogram (EKG) equipment during diagnostic or therapeutic procedures to notify the physician if something appears wrong. | Core |
| Monitor patients' comfort and safety during tests, alerting physicians to abnormalities or changes in patient responses. | Core |
| Explain testing procedures to patients to obtain cooperation and reduce anxiety. | Core |
| Conduct electrocardiogram (EKG), phonocardiogram, echocardiogram, stress testing, or other cardiovascular tests to record patients' cardiac activity, using specialized electronic test equipment, recording devices, or laboratory instruments. | Core |
| Prepare and position patients for testing. | Core |
| Obtain and record patient identification, medical history, or test results. | Core |
| Attach electrodes to the patients' chests, arms, and legs, connect electrodes to leads from the electrocardiogram (EKG) machine, and operate the EKG machine to obtain a reading. | Core |
| Adjust equipment and controls according to physicians' orders or established protocol. | Core |
| Check, test, and maintain cardiology equipment, making minor repairs when necessary, to ensure proper operation. | Core |
| Supervise or train other cardiology technologists or students. | Core |
| Observe gauges, recorder, and video screens of data analysis system during imaging of cardiovascular system. | Supplemental |
| Operate diagnostic imaging equipment to produce contrast enhanced radiographs of heart and cardiovascular system. | Supplemental |
| Inject contrast medium into patients' blood vessels. | Supplemental |
| Observe ultrasound display screen and listen to signals to record vascular information, such as blood pressure, limb volume changes, oxygen saturation, or cerebral circulation. | Supplemental |
| Assess cardiac physiology and calculate valve areas from blood flow velocity measurements. | Supplemental |
| Compare measurements of heart wall thickness and chamber sizes to standard norms to identify abnormalities. | Supplemental |
| Perform general administrative tasks, such as scheduling appointments or ordering supplies or equipment. | Supplemental |
| Maintain a proper sterile field during surgical procedures. | Supplemental |
| Assist physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac or peripheral vascular treatments, such as implanting pacemakers or assisting with balloon angioplasties to treat blood vessel blockages. | Supplemental |
| Transcribe, type, and distribute reports of diagnostic procedures for interpretation by physician. | Supplemental |
| Set up 24-hour Holter and event monitors, scan and interpret tapes, and report results to physicians. | Supplemental |
0.04/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Conduct electrocardiogram (EKG), phonocardiogram, echocardiogram, stress testing, or other cardiovascular tests to record patients' cardiac activity, using specialized electronic test equipment, recording devices, or laboratory instruments. | E0 none |
| Prepare and position patients for testing. | E0 none |
| Attach electrodes to the patients' chests, arms, and legs, connect electrodes to leads from the electrocardiogram (EKG) machine, and operate the EKG machine to obtain a reading. | E0 none |
| Adjust equipment and controls according to physicians' orders or established protocol. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Check, test, and maintain cardiology equipment, making minor repairs when necessary, to ensure proper operation. | E0 none |
| Operate diagnostic imaging equipment to produce contrast enhanced radiographs of heart and cardiovascular system. | E0 none |
| Inject contrast medium into patients' blood vessels. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Observe ultrasound display screen and listen to signals to record vascular information, such as blood pressure, limb volume changes, oxygen saturation, or cerebral circulation. | E0 none |
| Maintain a proper sterile field during surgical procedures. | E0 none |
| Assist physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac or peripheral vascular treatments, such as implanting pacemakers or assisting with balloon angioplasties to treat blood vessel blockages. | E0 none |
| Set up 24-hour Holter and event monitors, scan and interpret tapes, and report results to physicians. | E0 none |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 65K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 67K
- Change (2025–35)
- +3.7%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $74,310
- Typical education needed for entry
- Associate's degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 24610 | 임상병리사 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 24620 | 방사선사 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 3259Health Associate Professionals Not Elsewhere Classified
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
This unit group covers health associate professionals not classified elsewhere in Sub-major Group 32: Health Associate Professionals. For instance, the group includes occupations such as HIV counsellor, family planning counsellor and other health associate professionals.
Tasks
- In such cases tasks would include:
- (a) interviewing and examining patients to obtain information on their health status and the nature and extent of injury, illness or other physical or mental health condition;
- (b) providing information and counselling to patients and families about certain health conditions, prevention and treatment options, treatment adherence, and personal behaviours that can affect health outcomes;
- (c) administering therapeutic care and treatment to patients;
- (d ) performing certain basic clinical procedures, such as administration of HIV antibody tests or insertion of intrauterine devices;
- (e) dispensing and advising on dietary supplements, antiretroviral and prophylaxis medications, and other healthcare products
- (f) monitoring patients' progress through treatment plans, and identifying signs and symptoms requiring referral to a medical doctor or other health professional;
- (g) recording information on patients' health status and responses to treatment in medical records-keeping systems;
- (h) sharing information with other health care providers when required to ensure continuing and comprehensive care.
Example occupations
Anaesthesia technician · Family planning counsellor · HIV counsellor · Respiratory therapy technician
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- clinical perfusion scientistESCO 3211.1Overlapping, not the same
Clinical perfusion scientists operate heart-lung equipment during surgical operations to ensure breathing and blood circulation. They work as part of the surgical team, connect patients to the heart-lung machines in preparation for surgery, monitor their condition during surgery, report to the team on the patients' status and determine the necessary techniques according to their needs.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| J1306 | Manipulateur / Manipulatrice d'électroradiologie médicale | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 3312 | Técnicos en imagen para el diagnóstico | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 81222 | Medizinisch-technische Berufe in der Funktionsdiagnostik - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrower |
| 81223 | Medizinisch-technische Berufe in der Funktionsdiagnostik - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Overlapping, not the same |
| 81224 | Medizinisch-technische Berufe in der Funktionsdiagnostik - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 143 | 臨床検査技師 | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 142 | 臨床工学技士 | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources