Medical Transcriptionists
Healthcare Support Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 31-9094.00
Transcribe medical reports recorded by physicians and other healthcare practitioners using various electronic devices, covering office visits, emergency room visits, diagnostic imaging studies, operations, chart reviews, and final summaries. Transcribe dictated reports and translate abbreviations into fully understandable form. Edit as necessary and return reports in either printed or electronic form for review and signature, or correction.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.637
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.53
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only15 rated tasks · 14 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (93.3%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Take dictation using shorthand, a stenotype machine, or headsets and transcribing machines.31-9094.00 | 0.028639.9 | 0.017826.9 |
Produce medical reports, correspondence, records, patient-care information, statistics, medical research, and administrative material.31-9094.00 | 0.019627.3 | 0.010115.2 |
Review and edit transcribed reports or dictated material for spelling, grammar, clarity, consistency, and proper medical terminology.31-9094.00 | 0.016022.3 | 0.017326.1 |
Transcribe dictation for a variety of medical reports, such as patient histories, physical examinations, emergency room visits, operations, chart reviews, consultation, or discharge summaries.31-9094.00 | 0.00385.3 | 0.007511.3 |
Answer inquiries concerning the progress of medical cases, within the limits of confidentiality laws.31-9094.00 | 0.00202.8 | 0.00568.4 |
Distinguish between homonyms and recognize inconsistencies and mistakes in medical terms, referring to dictionaries, drug references, and other sources on anatomy, physiology, and medicine.31-9094.00 | 0.00172.4 | —0 |
Perform data entry and data retrieval services, providing data for inclusion in medical records and for transmission to physicians. | —0 | 0.00659.8 |
Receive patients, schedule appointments, and maintain patient records. | —0 | 0.00152.3 |
| Not observed on any surface — 7 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Return dictated reports in printed or electronic form for physician's review, signature, and corrections and for inclusion in patients' medical records. | —0 | —0 |
Translate medical jargon and abbreviations into their expanded forms to ensure the accuracy of patient and health care facility records. | —0 | —0 |
Identify mistakes in reports and check with doctors to obtain the correct information. | —0 | —0 |
Set up and maintain medical files and databases, including records such as x-ray, lab, and procedure reports, medical histories, diagnostic workups, admission and discharge summaries, and clinical resumes. | —0 | —0 |
Perform a variety of clerical and office tasks, such as handling incoming and outgoing mail, completing and submitting insurance claims, typing, filing, and operating office machines. | —0 | —0 |
Decide which information should be included or excluded in reports. | —0 | —0 |
Receive and screen telephone calls and visitors. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Transcribe dictation for a variety of medical reports, such as patient histories, physical examinations, emergency room visits, operations, chart reviews, consultation, or discharge summaries.O*NET Task ID 9413 | 1.0 |
Review and edit transcribed reports or dictated material for spelling, grammar, clarity, consistency, and proper medical terminology.O*NET Task ID 9414 | 1.0 |
Distinguish between homonyms and recognize inconsistencies and mistakes in medical terms, referring to dictionaries, drug references, and other sources on anatomy, physiology, and medicine.O*NET Task ID 9415 | 1.0 |
Return dictated reports in printed or electronic form for physician's review, signature, and corrections and for inclusion in patients' medical records.O*NET Task ID 9416 | 1.0 |
Translate medical jargon and abbreviations into their expanded forms to ensure the accuracy of patient and health care facility records.O*NET Task ID 9417 | 1.0 |
Identify mistakes in reports and check with doctors to obtain the correct information.O*NET Task ID 9419 | 1.0 |
Perform data entry and data retrieval services, providing data for inclusion in medical records and for transmission to physicians.O*NET Task ID 9420 | 1.0 |
Produce medical reports, correspondence, records, patient-care information, statistics, medical research, and administrative material.O*NET Task ID 9421 | 1.0 |
Answer inquiries concerning the progress of medical cases, within the limits of confidentiality laws.O*NET Task ID 9422 | 1.0 |
Perform a variety of clerical and office tasks, such as handling incoming and outgoing mail, completing and submitting insurance claims, typing, filing, or operating office machines.O*NET Task ID 9424 | 1.0 |
Decide which information should be included or excluded in reports.O*NET Task ID 9425 | 1.0 |
Take dictation using shorthand, a stenotype machine, or headsets and transcribing machines.O*NET Task ID 20254 | 1.0 |
Set up and maintain medical files and databases, including records such as x-ray, lab, and procedure reports, medical histories, diagnostic workups, admission and discharge summaries, and clinical resumes.O*NET Task ID 9423 | 0.5 |
Receive patients, schedule appointments, and maintain patient records.O*NET Task ID 9426 | 0.5 |
Receive and screen telephone calls and visitors.O*NET Task ID 9427 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (15)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Transcribe dictation for a variety of medical reports, such as patient histories, physical examinations, emergency room visits, operations, chart reviews, consultation, or discharge summaries. | Core |
| Review and edit transcribed reports or dictated material for spelling, grammar, clarity, consistency, and proper medical terminology. | Core |
| Distinguish between homonyms and recognize inconsistencies and mistakes in medical terms, referring to dictionaries, drug references, and other sources on anatomy, physiology, and medicine. | Core |
| Return dictated reports in printed or electronic form for physician's review, signature, and corrections and for inclusion in patients' medical records. | Core |
| Translate medical jargon and abbreviations into their expanded forms to ensure the accuracy of patient and health care facility records. | Core |
| Identify mistakes in reports and check with doctors to obtain the correct information. | Core |
| Perform data entry and data retrieval services, providing data for inclusion in medical records and for transmission to physicians. | Core |
| Produce medical reports, correspondence, records, patient-care information, statistics, medical research, and administrative material. | Core |
| Set up and maintain medical files and databases, including records such as x-ray, lab, and procedure reports, medical histories, diagnostic workups, admission and discharge summaries, and clinical resumes. | Core |
| Perform a variety of clerical and office tasks, such as handling incoming and outgoing mail, completing and submitting insurance claims, typing, filing, or operating office machines. | Core |
| Decide which information should be included or excluded in reports. | Core |
| Receive and screen telephone calls and visitors. | Core |
| Take dictation using shorthand, a stenotype machine, or headsets and transcribing machines. | Core |
| Answer inquiries concerning the progress of medical cases, within the limits of confidentiality laws. | Supplemental |
| Receive patients, schedule appointments, and maintain patient records. | Supplemental |
0.03/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Perform a variety of clerical and office tasks, such as handling incoming and outgoing mail, completing and submitting insurance claims, typing, filing, or operating office machines. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 42K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 40K
- Change (2025–35)
- -4.4%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $40,410
- Typical education needed for entry
- Postsecondary nondegree award
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 24940 | 보건의료정보 관리사 | This occupation is narrower | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 3344Medical Secretaries
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Medical secretaries, using specialized knowledge of medical terminology and health care delivery procedures, assist health professionals and other workers by performing a variety of communication, documentation, administrative and internal coordination functions, to support health workers in medical facilities and other health-care related organizations.
Tasks
- (a) scheduling and confirming medical appointments and communicating messages for medical staff; and patients;
- (b) compiling, recording and reviewing medical charts, reports, documents and correspondence;
- (c) interviewing patients to complete forms, documents and case histories;
- (d) completing insurance and other claims forms;
- (e) maintaining medical files and records and technical library;
- (f) preparing financial statements and billing procedures;
- (g) assisting in the preparation of budgets, drafting of contracts and purchasing or acquisition orders;
- (h) supervising the work of office support workers and other office staff.
Example occupations
Dental secretary · Hospital ward secretary · Medical insurance billing secretary · Medical laboratory secretary · Medical office administrative assistant · Medical practice manager · Medical secretary · Medical stenographer · Medical transcriptionist · Pathology secretary · Patient care secretary
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- medical transcriptionistESCO 3344.4Same scope
Medical transcriptionists interpret dictated information from the doctor or other healthcare professionals and convert it into documents. They create, format and edit medical records for patients based on the provided data and take care to apply punctuation and grammar rules.
- clinical coderESCO 3252.1.1This occupation is broader
Clinical coders read patients' medical records. They analyse and interpret medical statements about diseases, injuries and procedures. Clinical coders convert this information into health classification codes in order to calculate treatment reimbursements, to produce statistics and to monitor health care performance.
- medical records clerkESCO 3252.1This occupation is broader
Medical records clerks organise, keep up-to-date and archive patients` records for medical staff availability. They transfer medical information from a patient’s paper records to an electronic template.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| E1122 | Transcripteur adaptateur / Transcriptrice adaptatrice | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| M1606 | Opérateur / Opératrice de saisie | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| M1609 | Secrétaire médical / Secrétaire médicale | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 3322 | Técnicos superiores en documentación sanitaria | Related, not a match |
| 3614 | Secretarios de centros médicos o clínicas | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 71432 | Steno- und Phonotypisten/-typistinnen - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
| 73222 | Verwaltende Berufe im Sozial- und Gesundheitswesen - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 259 | その他の一般事務従事者 | Related, not a match |
| 319 | その他の事務用機器操作員 | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources