Phlebotomists
Healthcare Support Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 31-9097.00
Draw blood for tests, transfusions, donations, or research. May explain the procedure to patients and assist in the recovery of patients with adverse reactions.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Low· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.15
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only24 rated tasks · 5 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (20.8%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- 2 rated tasks are not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; their scores are kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Document route of specimens from collection to laboratory analysis and diagnosis.O*NET Task ID 19376 | 1.0 |
Explain fluid or tissue collection procedures to patients.O*NET Task ID 19380 | 1.0 |
Enter patient, specimen, insurance, or billing information into computer.O*NET Task ID 19389 | 1.0 |
Determine donor suitability, according to interview results, vital signs, and medical history.O*NET Task ID 19388 | 0.5 |
Provide sample analysis results to physicians to assist diagnosis.O*NET Task ID 19393 | 0.5 |
Collect fluid or tissue samples, using appropriate collection procedures.O*NET Task ID 19373 | 0.0 |
Dispose of blood or other biohazard fluids or tissue, in accordance with applicable laws, standards, or policies.O*NET Task ID 19374 | 0.0 |
Dispose of contaminated sharps, in accordance with applicable laws, standards, and policies.O*NET Task ID 19375 | 0.0 |
Draw blood from arteries, using arterial collection techniques.O*NET Task ID 19377 | 0.0 |
Draw blood from capillaries by dermal puncture, such as heel or finger stick methods.O*NET Task ID 19378 | 0.0 |
Draw blood from veins by vacuum tube, syringe, or butterfly venipuncture methods.O*NET Task ID 19379 | 0.0 |
Match laboratory requisition forms to specimen tubes.O*NET Task ID 19381 | 0.0 |
Organize or clean blood-drawing trays, ensuring that all instruments are sterile and all needles, syringes, or related items are of first-time use.O*NET Task ID 19382 | 0.0 |
Administer subcutaneous or intramuscular injects, in accordance with licensing restrictions.O*NET Task ID 19383 | 0.0 |
Calibrate or maintain machines, such as those used for plasma collection.O*NET Task ID 19384 | 0.0 |
Collect specimens at specific time intervals for tests, such as those assessing therapeutic drug levels.O*NET Task ID 19385 | 0.0 |
Conduct hemoglobin tests to ensure donor iron levels are normal.O*NET Task ID 19386 | 0.0 |
Conduct standards tests, such as blood alcohol, blood culture, oral glucose tolerance, glucose screening, blood smears, or peak and trough drug levels tests.O*NET Task ID 19387 | 0.0 |
Monitor blood or plasma donors during and after procedures to ensure health, safety, and comfort.O*NET Task ID 19390 | 0.0 |
Perform saline flushes or dispense anticoagulant drugs, such as Heparin, through intravenous (IV) lines, in accordance with licensing restrictions and under the direction of a medical doctor.O*NET Task ID 19391 | 0.0 |
Process blood or other fluid samples for further analysis by other medical professionals.O*NET Task ID 19392 | 0.0 |
Serve refreshments to donors to ensure absorption of sugar into their systems.O*NET Task ID 19394 | 0.0 |
Train other medical personnel in phlebotomy or laboratory techniques.O*NET Task ID 19395 | 0.0 |
Transport specimens or fluid samples from collection sites to laboratories.O*NET Task ID 19396 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (23)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Dispose of blood or other biohazard fluids or tissue, in accordance with applicable laws, standards, or policies. | Core |
| Dispose of contaminated sharps, in accordance with applicable laws, standards, and policies. | Core |
| Document route of specimens from collection to laboratory analysis and diagnosis. | Core |
| Draw blood from capillaries by dermal puncture, such as heel or finger stick methods. | Core |
| Draw blood from veins by vacuum tube, syringe, or butterfly venipuncture methods. | Core |
| Explain fluid or tissue collection procedures to patients. | Core |
| Match laboratory requisition forms to specimen tubes. | Core |
| Organize or clean blood-drawing trays, ensuring that all instruments are sterile and all needles, syringes, or related items are of first-time use. | Core |
| Collect specimens at specific time intervals for tests, such as those assessing therapeutic drug levels. | Core |
| Conduct hemoglobin tests to ensure donor iron levels are normal. | Core |
| Conduct standards tests, such as blood alcohol, blood culture, oral glucose tolerance, glucose screening, blood smears, or peak and trough drug levels tests. | Core |
| Enter patient, specimen, insurance, or billing information into computer. | Core |
| Monitor blood or plasma donors during and after procedures to ensure health, safety, and comfort. | Core |
| Process blood or other fluid samples for further analysis by other medical professionals. | Core |
| Provide sample analysis results to physicians to assist diagnosis. | Core |
| Serve refreshments to donors to ensure absorption of sugar into their systems. | Core |
| Train other medical personnel in phlebotomy or laboratory techniques. | Core |
| Transport specimens or fluid samples from collection sites to laboratories. | Core |
| Confirm the identities of patients by verifying their personal information. | Core |
| Collect fluid or tissue samples, using appropriate collection procedures. | Supplemental |
| Draw blood from arteries, using arterial collection techniques. | Supplemental |
| Calibrate or maintain machines, such as those used for plasma collection. | Supplemental |
| Determine donor suitability, according to interview results, vital signs, and medical history. | Supplemental |
1.01/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Collect fluid or tissue samples, using appropriate collection procedures. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Dispose of blood or other biohazard fluids or tissue, in accordance with applicable laws, standards, or policies. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Dispose of contaminated sharps, in accordance with applicable laws, standards, and policies. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Draw blood from capillaries by dermal puncture, such as heel or finger stick methods. | E0 none |
| Draw blood from veins by vacuum tube, syringe, or butterfly venipuncture methods. | E2 structured facilities |
| Match laboratory requisition forms to specimen tubes. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Organize or clean blood-drawing trays, ensuring that all instruments are sterile and all needles, syringes, or related items are of first-time use. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Collect specimens at specific time intervals for tests, such as those assessing therapeutic drug levels. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Conduct hemoglobin tests to ensure donor iron levels are normal. | E2 structured facilities |
| Conduct standards tests, such as blood alcohol, blood culture, oral glucose tolerance, glucose screening, blood smears, or peak and trough drug levels tests. | E0 none |
| Process blood or other fluid samples for further analysis by other medical professionals. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Train other medical personnel in phlebotomy or laboratory techniques. | E0 none |
| Transport specimens or fluid samples from collection sites to laboratories. | E2 structured facilities |
| Draw blood from arteries, using arterial collection techniques. | E0 none |
| Administer subcutaneous or intramuscular injects, in accordance with licensing restrictions. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Calibrate or maintain machines, such as those used for plasma collection. | E0 none |
| Monitor blood or plasma donors during and after procedures to ensure health, safety, and comfort. | E0 none |
| Serve refreshments to donors to ensure absorption of sugar into their systems. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 144K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 154K
- Change (2025–35)
- +6.8%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $45,230
- Typical education needed for entry
- Postsecondary nondegree award
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 24610 | 임상병리사 | This occupation is narrower | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 5329Personal Care Workers in Health Services Not Elsewhere Classified
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
This unit group covers providers of routine health and personal care support services not classified elsewhere in Minor Group 532: Personal Care Workers in Health Services. For instance, the group includes occupations such as dental aide, sterilization aide, hospital orderly, medical imaging assistant and pharmacy aide.
Tasks
- In such cases tasks would include -
- (a) cleaning and sterilizing surgical, dental and pharmaceutical instruments, bottles, beakers and other equipment;
- (b) labelling drugs, chemicals and other pharmaceutical preparations and replenishing stock on shelves;
- (c) lifting, turning and moving patients and transporting them in wheelchairs or on moveable beds;
- (d) preparing patients for examination or treatment;
- (e) setting up instrument trays, preparing materials, and assisting dentists or radiographers during procedures;
- (f) exposing diagnostic X-rays.
Example occupations
Dental aide · First-aid attendant · Hospital orderly · Medical imaging assistant · Pharmacy aide · Phlebotomist · Sterilization aide
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- phlebotomistESCO 5329.2Same scope
Phlebotomists take blood samples from patients for laboratory analysis, ensuring patient safety during the blood collection process. They transport the specimen to the laboratory, following strict instructions from the doctor of medicine.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| J1302 | Technicien / Technicienne de laboratoire d'analyses médicales | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| J1506 | Infirmier / Infirmière en soins généraux (IDE) | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2121 | Enfermeros no especializados | Related, not a match |
| 3314 | Técnicos en laboratorio de diagnóstico clínico | Related, not a match |
| 5629 | Trabajadores de los cuidados a las personas en servicios de salud no clasificados bajo otros epígrafes | Related, not a match |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 81102 | Medizinische Fachangestellte (ohne Spezialisierung) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 143 | 臨床検査技師 | This occupation is narrower |
| 133 | 看護師（准看護師を含む） | Related, not a match |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources