First-Line Supervisors of Police and Detectives

O*NET-SOC code: 33-1012.00

Directly supervise and coordinate activities of members of police force.

Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Moderate· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery high
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
Source dataset (XLSX download)
Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
Source dataset (CSV download)
Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.14–0.32· 3 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
Source dataset (PDF download)

What kind of figure this source publishes

The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.

ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group

ISCO-08 3351Customs and Border Inspectors0.32
ISCO-08 3355Police Inspectors and Detectives0.23
ISCO-08 5412Police Officers0.14

Task-level exposure

Exposed tasks only

20 rated tasks · 11 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (55.0%)

β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.

Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.

Source: OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
Release: gh-main-0471612
License: MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI

Task (O*NET 20.1)	Claude.aiRaw / share %
Inform personnel of changes in regulations and policies, implications of new or amended laws, and new techniques of police work. 33-1012.00	0.004646.0
Explain police operations to subordinates to assist them in performing their job duties. 33-1012.00	0.002323.0
Prepare news releases and respond to police correspondence. 33-1012.00	0.001616.0
Review contents of written orders to ensure adherence to legal requirements. 33-1012.00	0.001515.0
Not observed on any surface — 16 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states.
Supervise and coordinate the investigation of criminal cases, offering guidance and expertise to investigators, and ensuring that procedures are conducted in accordance with laws and regulations.	—0
Investigate and resolve personnel problems within organization and charges of misconduct against staff.	—0
Train staff in proper police work procedures.	—0
Maintain logs, prepare reports, and direct the preparation, handling, and maintenance of departmental records.	—0
Monitor and evaluate the job performance of subordinates, and authorize promotions and transfers.	—0
Direct collection, preparation, and handling of evidence and personal property of prisoners.	—0
Develop, implement and revise departmental policies and procedures.	—0
Conduct raids and order detention of witnesses and suspects for questioning.	—0
Prepare work schedules and assign duties to subordinates.	—0
Discipline staff for violation of department rules and regulations.	—0
Cooperate with court personnel and officials from other law enforcement agencies and testify in court as necessary.	—0
Inspect facilities, supplies, vehicles, and equipment to ensure conformance to standards.	—0
Requisition and issue equipment and supplies.	—0
Meet with civic, educational, and community groups to develop community programs and events, and to discuss law enforcement subjects.	—0
Direct release or transfer of prisoners.	—0
Prepare budgets and manage expenditures of department funds.	—0

Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.

Task (O*NET 27.2)	βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Review contents of written orders to ensure adherence to legal requirements. O*NET Task ID 577	1.0
Prepare news releases and respond to police correspondence. O*NET Task ID 579	1.0
Inform personnel of changes in regulations and policies, implications of new or amended laws, and new techniques of police work. O*NET Task ID 565	0.5
Supervise and coordinate the investigation of criminal cases, offering guidance and expertise to investigators, and ensuring that procedures are conducted in accordance with laws and regulations. O*NET Task ID 566	0.5
Investigate and resolve personnel problems within organization and charges of misconduct against staff. O*NET Task ID 567	0.5
Maintain logs, prepare reports, and direct the preparation, handling, and maintenance of departmental records. O*NET Task ID 569	0.5
Monitor and evaluate the job performance of subordinates, and authorize promotions and transfers. O*NET Task ID 570	0.5
Develop, implement, and revise departmental policies and procedures. O*NET Task ID 572	0.5
Prepare work schedules and assign duties to subordinates. O*NET Task ID 574	0.5
Requisition and issue equipment and supplies. O*NET Task ID 580	0.5
Prepare budgets and manage expenditures of department funds. O*NET Task ID 583	0.5
Show 1 more task ▾Show less ▴
Explain police operations to subordinates to assist them in performing their job duties. O*NET Task ID 564	0.0
Train staff in proper police work procedures. O*NET Task ID 568	0.0
Direct collection, preparation, and handling of evidence and personal property of prisoners. O*NET Task ID 571	0.0
Conduct raids and order detention of witnesses and suspects for questioning. O*NET Task ID 573	0.0
Discipline staff for violation of department rules and regulations. O*NET Task ID 575	0.0
Cooperate with court personnel and officials from other law enforcement agencies and testify in court, as necessary. O*NET Task ID 576	0.0
Inspect facilities, supplies, vehicles, and equipment to ensure conformance to standards. O*NET Task ID 578	0.0
Meet with civic, educational, and community groups to develop community programs and events, and to discuss law enforcement subjects. O*NET Task ID 581	0.0
Direct release or transfer of prisoners. O*NET Task ID 582	0.0

β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

All O*NET 31.0 task statements (20)

All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.

Task (O*NET 31.0)	Type
Explain police operations to subordinates to assist them in performing their job duties.	Core
Inform personnel of changes in regulations and policies, implications of new or amended laws, and new techniques of police work.	Core
Supervise and coordinate the investigation of criminal cases, offering guidance and expertise to investigators, and ensuring that procedures are conducted in accordance with laws and regulations.	Core
Investigate and resolve personnel problems within organization and charges of misconduct against staff.	Core
Train staff in proper police work procedures.	Core
Maintain logs, prepare reports, and direct the preparation, handling, and maintenance of departmental records.	Core
Monitor and evaluate the job performance of subordinates, and authorize promotions and transfers.	Core
Direct collection, preparation, and handling of evidence and personal property of prisoners.	Core
Conduct raids and order detention of witnesses and suspects for questioning.	Core
Prepare work schedules and assign duties to subordinates.	Core
Discipline staff for violation of department rules and regulations.	Core
Cooperate with court personnel and officials from other law enforcement agencies and testify in court, as necessary.	Core
Review contents of written orders to ensure adherence to legal requirements.	Core
Inspect facilities, supplies, vehicles, and equipment to ensure conformance to standards.	Core
Requisition and issue equipment and supplies.	Core
Meet with civic, educational, and community groups to develop community programs and events, and to discuss law enforcement subjects.	Core
Direct release or transfer of prisoners.	Core
Develop, implement, and revise departmental policies and procedures.	Supplemental
Prepare news releases and respond to police correspondence.	Supplemental
Prepare budgets and manage expenditures of department funds.	Supplemental

Anthropic, "What work can robots do?"2026-09

0.03/ 3· Robot exposure index

0 none3 unstructured settings

Scale, basis and source

Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time

Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks

Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.

Source dataset

The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.

Tier of each physical task

Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)

E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site

Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.

Task (O*NET 29.3)	Robot environment tier
Conduct raids and order detention of witnesses and suspects for questioning.	E0 none
Inspect facilities, supplies, vehicles, and equipment to ensure conformance to standards.	E1 purpose-built robot settings

Employment outlook (BLS)

Employment, 2025: 160K
Projected employment, 2035: 165K
Change (2025–35): +3.3%
Median annual wage, 2025: $106,040
Typical education needed for entry: High school diploma or equivalent

lowest $30,890median wage across 825 detailed occupations, BLS EP 2025–35highest $559,030

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — Employment by detailed occupation, 2025 and projected 2035

Korea classification links (KSCO)

Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.

KSCO code	KSCO title	Relation	Status
41112	일반 경찰관 및 수사관	This occupation is narrower	confirmed
13132	경찰 관리자	Overlapping, not the same	confirmed

Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)

ILO occupational description

AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.

ISCO-08 3351Customs and Border Inspectors
ISCO-08 3355Police Inspectors and Detectives
ISCO-08 5412Police Officers

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO occupational vocabulary

Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.

police commissionerESCO 1112.5Same scope
Police commissioners supervise an entire police department by monitoring and regulating the administrative and operational activities of a police department, as well as developing policies and procedural methods. They are responsible for the cooperation between the various divisions in the department, and overseeing the employees' performance.
police inspectorESCO 3355.3Overlapping, not the same
Police inspectors coordinate and supervise a division in a police department. They ensure the division's compliance with rules and regulations, and monitor the performance of personnel as well as assigning tasks to them. They perform administrative duties to ensure the maintenance of records and reports, and may also develop regulatory guidelines.

Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

View original

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

France classification links (ROME)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.

ROME code	ROME title (French)	Relation
K1704	Officier / Officière de police	This occupation is broaderprovisional
K1719	Chef / Cheffe de police municipale	This occupation is broaderprovisional
K1709	Commissaire de police	Related, not a matchprovisional

Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.

ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)

Spain classification links (CNO-11)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

CNO-11 code	CNO-11 title (Spanish)	Relation
3631	Técnicos de la policía nacional, autonómica y local	Overlapping, not the same
3632	Suboficiales de la guardia civil	Overlapping, not the same

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)

Germany classification links (KldB)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

KldB code	KldB title (German)	Relation
53214	Berufe im Polizeivollzugsdienst - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten	This occupation is broaderprovisional
53213	Berufe im Polizeivollzugsdienst - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten	Overlapping, not the same
53223	Berufe im Kriminaldienst - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten	Related, not a match

Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)

Japan classification links (JSCO)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

JSCO code	JSCO title (Japanese)	Relation
441	警察官	This occupation is narrower

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)

Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources