First-Line Supervisors of Firefighting and Prevention Workers
Protective Service Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 33-1021.00
Directly supervise and coordinate activities of workers engaged in firefighting and fire prevention and control.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Low· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.18–0.28· 3 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 3112Civil Engineering Technicians0.28
- ISCO-08 3119Physical and Engineering Science Technicians Not Elsewhere Classified0.26
- ISCO-08 5411Fire Fighters0.18
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only30 rated tasks · 19 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (63.3%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Tasks of O*NET-SOC 2010 occupations 33-1021.01 Municipal Fire Fighting and Prevention Supervisors; 33-1021.02 Forest Fire Fighting and Prevention Supervisors, linked to this occupation by the O*NET-SOC 2010 to 2019 crosswalk
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Review and evaluate employee performance.33-1021.02 | 0.002662.5 |
Perform administrative duties, such as compiling and maintaining records, completing forms, preparing reports, or composing correspondence.33-1021.02 | 0.001537.5 |
| Not observed on any surface — 52 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | |
Assign firefighters to jobs at strategic locations to facilitate rescue of persons and maximize application of extinguishing agents. | —0 |
Provide emergency medical services as required, and perform light to heavy rescue functions at emergencies. | —0 |
Assess nature and extent of fire, condition of building, danger to adjacent buildings, and water supply status to determine crew or company requirements. | —0 |
Instruct and drill fire department personnel in assigned duties, including firefighting, medical care, hazardous materials response, fire prevention, and related subjects. | —0 |
Evaluate the performance of assigned firefighting personnel. | —0 |
Direct the training of firefighters, assigning of instructors to training classes, and providing of supervisors with reports on training progress and status. | —0 |
Prepare activity reports listing fire call locations, actions taken, fire types and probable causes, damage estimates, and situation dispositions. | —0 |
Maintain required maps and records. | —0 |
Attend in-service training classes to remain current in knowledge of codes, laws, ordinances, and regulations. | —0 |
Evaluate fire station procedures to ensure efficiency and enforcement of departmental regulations. | —0 |
Direct firefighters in station maintenance duties, and participate in these duties. | —0 |
Recommend personnel actions related to disciplinary procedures, performance, leaves of absence, and grievances. | —0 |
Coordinate the distribution of fire prevention promotional materials. | —0 |
Inspect and test new and existing fire protection systems, fire detection systems, and fire safety equipment to ensure that they are operating properly. | —0 |
Present and interpret fire prevention and fire code information to citizens' groups, organizations, contractors, engineers, and developers. | —0 |
Compile and maintain records on personnel, accidents, equipment, and supplies. | —0 |
Perform maintenance and minor repairs on firefighting equipment, including vehicles, and write and submit proposals to modify, replace, and repair equipment. | —0 |
Direct investigation of cases of suspected arson, hazards, and false alarms and submit reports outlining findings. | —0 |
Supervise and participate in the inspection of properties to ensure that they are in compliance with applicable fire codes, ordinances, laws, regulations, and standards. | —0 |
Identify corrective actions needed to bring properties into compliance with applicable fire codes and ordinances and conduct follow-up inspections to see if corrective actions have been taken. | —0 |
Participate in creating fire safety guidelines and evacuation schemes for nonresidential buildings. | —0 |
Recommend to proper authorities possible fire code revisions, additions, and deletions. | —0 |
Develop or review building fire exit plans. | —0 |
Report and issue citations for fire code violations found during inspections, testifying in court about violations when required. | —0 |
Conduct fire drills for building occupants and report on the outcomes of such drills. | —0 |
Document efforts taken to bring property owners into compliance with laws, codes, regulations, ordinances, and standards. | —0 |
Oversee review of new building plans to ensure compliance with laws, ordinances, and administrative rules for public fire safety. | —0 |
Study and interpret fire safety codes to establish procedures for issuing permits to handle hazardous or flammable substances. | —0 |
Communicate fire details to superiors, subordinates, or interagency dispatch centers, using two-way radios. | —0 |
Serve as a working leader of an engine, hand, helicopter, or prescribed fire crew of three or more firefighters. | —0 |
Maintain fire suppression equipment in good condition, checking equipment periodically to ensure that it is ready for use. | —0 |
Operate wildland fire engines or hoselays. | —0 |
Monitor prescribed burns to ensure that they are conducted safely and effectively. | —0 |
Direct and supervise prescribed burn projects and prepare postburn reports, analyzing burn conditions and results. | —0 |
Identify staff training and development needs to ensure that appropriate training can be arranged. | —0 |
Maintain knowledge of forest fire laws and fire prevention techniques and tactics. | —0 |
Recommend equipment modifications or new equipment purchases. | —0 |
Recruit or hire forest firefighting personnel. | —0 |
Train workers in skills such as parachute jumping, fire suppression, aerial observation, or radio communication, in the classroom or on the job. | —0 |
Inspect stations, uniforms, equipment, or recreation areas to ensure compliance with safety standards, taking corrective action as necessary. | —0 |
Schedule employee work assignments and set work priorities. | —0 |
Regulate open burning by issuing burning permits, inspecting problem sites, issuing citations for violations of laws and ordinances, or educating the public in proper burning practices. | —0 |
Monitor fire suppression expenditures to ensure that they are necessary and reasonable. | —0 |
Lead work crews in the maintenance of structures or access roads in forest areas. | —0 |
Drive crew carriers to transport firefighters to fire sites. | —0 |
Educate the public about forest fire prevention by participating in activities such as exhibits or presentations or by distributing promotional materials. | —0 |
Investigate special fire issues, such as railroad fire problems, right-of-way burning, or slash disposal problems. | —0 |
Evaluate size, location, and condition of forest fires. | —0 |
Request and dispatch crews and position equipment so fires can be contained safely and effectively. | —0 |
Observe fires or crews from air to determine firefighting force requirements or to note changing conditions that will affect firefighting efforts. | —0 |
Direct investigations of suspected arson in wildfires, working closely with other investigating agencies. | —0 |
Appraise damage caused by fires and prepare damage reports. | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Communicate fire details to superiors, subordinates, or interagency dispatch centers, using two-way radios.O*NET Task ID 22913 | 1.0 |
Perform maintenance and minor repairs on firefighting equipment, including vehicles, and write and submit proposals to modify, replace, and repair equipment.O*NET Task ID 22919 | 1.0 |
Maintain required maps and records.O*NET Task ID 22923 | 1.0 |
Recommend personnel actions related to disciplinary procedures, performance, leaves of absence, and grievances.O*NET Task ID 22928 | 1.0 |
Perform administrative duties, such as compiling and maintaining records, completing forms, preparing reports, or composing correspondence.O*NET Task ID 22929 | 1.0 |
Study and interpret fire safety codes to establish procedures for issuing permits to handle hazardous or flammable substances.O*NET Task ID 22934 | 1.0 |
Maintain knowledge of fire laws and fire prevention techniques and tactics.O*NET Task ID 22937 | 1.0 |
Assess nature and extent of fire, condition of building, danger to adjacent buildings, and water supply status to determine crew or company requirements.O*NET Task ID 22912 | 0.5 |
Direct the training of firefighters, assigning of instructors to training classes, and providing of supervisors with reports on training progress and status.O*NET Task ID 22918 | 0.5 |
Schedule employee work assignments and set work priorities.O*NET Task ID 22920 | 0.5 |
Monitor fire suppression expenditures to ensure that they are necessary and reasonable.O*NET Task ID 22921 | 0.5 |
Participate in creating fire safety guidelines and evacuation schemes for nonresidential buildings.O*NET Task ID 22922 | 0.5 |
Direct investigation of cases of suspected arson, hazards, and false alarms and submit reports outlining findings.O*NET Task ID 22930 | 0.5 |
Recommend equipment modifications or new equipment purchases.O*NET Task ID 22931 | 0.5 |
Supervise and participate in the inspection of properties to ensure that they are in compliance with applicable fire codes, ordinances, laws, regulations, and standards.O*NET Task ID 22932 | 0.5 |
Inspect and test new and existing fire protection systems, fire detection systems, and fire safety equipment to ensure that they are operating properly.O*NET Task ID 22933 | 0.5 |
Analyze burn conditions and results, and prepare postburn reports.O*NET Task ID 22935 | 0.5 |
Evaluate size, location, and condition of fires.O*NET Task ID 22936 | 0.5 |
Recruit or hire firefighting personnel.O*NET Task ID 22939 | 0.5 |
Assign firefighters to jobs at strategic locations to facilitate rescue of persons and maximize application of extinguishing agents.O*NET Task ID 22910 | 0.0 |
Provide emergency medical services as required, and perform light to heavy rescue functions at emergencies.O*NET Task ID 22911 | 0.0 |
Serve as a working leader of an engine, hand, helicopter, or prescribed fire crew of three or more firefighters.O*NET Task ID 22914 | 0.0 |
Instruct and drill fire department personnel in assigned duties, including firefighting, medical care, hazardous materials response, fire prevention, and related subjects.O*NET Task ID 22915 | 0.0 |
Maintain fire suppression equipment in good condition, checking equipment periodically to ensure that it is ready for use.O*NET Task ID 22916 | 0.0 |
Evaluate the performance of assigned firefighting personnel.O*NET Task ID 22917 | 0.0 |
Drive crew carriers to transport firefighters to fire sites.O*NET Task ID 22924 | 0.0 |
Inspect stations, uniforms, equipment, or recreation areas to ensure compliance with safety standards, taking corrective action as necessary.O*NET Task ID 22925 | 0.0 |
Evaluate fire station procedures to ensure efficiency and enforcement of departmental regulations.O*NET Task ID 22926 | 0.0 |
Direct firefighters in station maintenance duties, and participate in these duties.O*NET Task ID 22927 | 0.0 |
Plan, direct, and supervise prescribed burn projects.O*NET Task ID 22938 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (30)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Assign firefighters to jobs at strategic locations to facilitate rescue of persons and maximize application of extinguishing agents. | Core |
| Provide emergency medical services as required, and perform light to heavy rescue functions at emergencies. | Core |
| Assess nature and extent of fire, condition of building, danger to adjacent buildings, and water supply status to determine crew or company requirements. | Core |
| Communicate fire details to superiors, subordinates, or interagency dispatch centers, using two-way radios. | Core |
| Serve as a working leader of an engine, hand, helicopter, or prescribed fire crew of three or more firefighters. | Core |
| Instruct and drill fire department personnel in assigned duties, including firefighting, medical care, hazardous materials response, fire prevention, and related subjects. | Core |
| Maintain fire suppression equipment in good condition, checking equipment periodically to ensure that it is ready for use. | Core |
| Evaluate the performance of assigned firefighting personnel. | Core |
| Direct the training of firefighters, assigning of instructors to training classes, and providing of supervisors with reports on training progress and status. | Core |
| Perform maintenance and minor repairs on firefighting equipment, including vehicles, and write and submit proposals to modify, replace, and repair equipment. | Core |
| Schedule employee work assignments and set work priorities. | Core |
| Monitor fire suppression expenditures to ensure that they are necessary and reasonable. | Core |
| Participate in creating fire safety guidelines and evacuation schemes for nonresidential buildings. | Core |
| Maintain required maps and records. | Core |
| Inspect stations, uniforms, equipment, or recreation areas to ensure compliance with safety standards, taking corrective action as necessary. | Core |
| Evaluate fire station procedures to ensure efficiency and enforcement of departmental regulations. | Core |
| Direct firefighters in station maintenance duties, and participate in these duties. | Core |
| Recommend personnel actions related to disciplinary procedures, performance, leaves of absence, and grievances. | Core |
| Perform administrative duties, such as compiling and maintaining records, completing forms, preparing reports, or composing correspondence. | Core |
| Direct investigation of cases of suspected arson, hazards, and false alarms and submit reports outlining findings. | Core |
| Recommend equipment modifications or new equipment purchases. | Core |
| Inspect and test new and existing fire protection systems, fire detection systems, and fire safety equipment to ensure that they are operating properly. | Core |
| Evaluate size, location, and condition of fires. | Core |
| Maintain knowledge of fire laws and fire prevention techniques and tactics. | Core |
| Recruit or hire firefighting personnel. | Core |
| Drive crew carriers to transport firefighters to fire sites. | Supplemental |
| Supervise and participate in the inspection of properties to ensure that they are in compliance with applicable fire codes, ordinances, laws, regulations, and standards. | Supplemental |
| Study and interpret fire safety codes to establish procedures for issuing permits to handle hazardous or flammable substances. | Supplemental |
| Analyze burn conditions and results, and prepare postburn reports. | Supplemental |
| Plan, direct, and supervise prescribed burn projects. | Supplemental |
0.20/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Provide emergency medical services as required, and perform light to heavy rescue functions at emergencies. | E0 none |
| Serve as a working leader of an engine, hand, helicopter, or prescribed fire crew of three or more firefighters. | E0 none |
| Instruct and drill fire department personnel in assigned duties, including firefighting, medical care, hazardous materials response, fire prevention, and related subjects. | E0 none |
| Maintain fire suppression equipment in good condition, checking equipment periodically to ensure that it is ready for use. | E0 none |
| Perform maintenance and minor repairs on firefighting equipment, including vehicles, and write and submit proposals to modify, replace, and repair equipment. | E0 none |
| Drive crew carriers to transport firefighters to fire sites. | E2 structured facilities |
| Inspect stations, uniforms, equipment, or recreation areas to ensure compliance with safety standards, taking corrective action as necessary. | E0 none |
| Direct firefighters in station maintenance duties, and participate in these duties. | E2 structured facilities |
| Supervise and participate in the inspection of properties to ensure that they are in compliance with applicable fire codes, ordinances, laws, regulations, and standards. | E0 none |
| Inspect and test new and existing fire protection systems, fire detection systems, and fire safety equipment to ensure that they are operating properly. | E0 none |
| Evaluate size, location, and condition of fires. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 102K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 105K
- Change (2025–35)
- +3.7%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $93,530
- Typical education needed for entry
- Postsecondary nondegree award
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 41120 | 소방관 | This occupation is narrower | confirmed |
| 13133 | 소방 관리자 | Overlapping, not the same | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 3112Civil Engineering Technicians
- ISCO-08 3119Physical and Engineering Science Technicians Not Elsewhere Classified
- ISCO-08 5411Fire Fighters
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- chief fire officerESCO 1349.8Overlapping, not the same
Chief fire officers supervise a fire department. They coordinate the operations of the department, and supervise and lead the fire and rescue staff during firefighting and rescue activities to ensure the safety of the staff and limitation of risks. They perform administrative duties to ensure record maintenance, and implement policies to improve the department's operations.
- fire commissionerESCO 1112.4Overlapping, not the same
Fire commissioners oversee the activity of the fire department making sure the services supplied are effective and the necessary equipment is provided. They develop and manage the business policies ensuring the legislation in the field is followed. Fire commissioners perform safety inspections and promotes fire prevention education.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| K1744 | Chef / Cheffe de centre d'incendie et de secours | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| K1702 | Responsable de sécurité civile et de secours | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| K1745 | Pompier / Pompière | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 5931 | Bomberos (excepto forestales) | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 1329 | Directores de otras empresas de servicios profesionales no clasificados bajo otros epígrafes | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 5932 | Bomberos forestales | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 53133 | Berufe im Brandschutz - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Overlapping, not the same |
| 53193 | Aufsichtskräfte - Objekt-, Personen-, Brandschutz, Arbeitssicherheit | Related, not a match |
| 53194 | Führungskräfte - Objekt-, Personen-, Brandschutz, Arbeitssicherheit | Related, not a match |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 452 | 消防員 | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources