Parking Enforcement Workers
Protective Service Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 33-3041.00
Patrol assigned area, such as public parking lot or city streets to issue tickets to overtime parking violators and illegally parked vehicles.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Moderate· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.20
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only23 rated tasks · 10 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (43.5%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- 4 rated tasks are not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; their scores are kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Respond to and make radio dispatch calls regarding parking violations and complaints.O*NET Task ID 7939 | 1.0 |
Enter and retrieve information pertaining to vehicle registration, identification, and status, using hand-held computers.O*NET Task ID 7951 | 1.0 |
Prepare and maintain required records, including logs of parking enforcement activities, and records of contested citations.O*NET Task ID 7953 | 1.0 |
Assign and review the work of subordinates.O*NET Task ID 7956 | 1.0 |
Write warnings and citations for illegally parked vehicles.O*NET Task ID 7937 | 0.5 |
Identify vehicles in violation of parking codes, checking with dispatchers when necessary to confirm identities or to determine whether vehicles need to be booted or towed.O*NET Task ID 7941 | 0.5 |
Observe and report hazardous conditions, such as missing traffic signals or signs, and street markings that need to be repainted.O*NET Task ID 7943 | 0.5 |
Investigate and answer complaints regarding contested parking citations, determining their validity and routing them appropriately.O*NET Task ID 7944 | 0.5 |
Provide information to the public regarding parking regulations and facilities, and the location of streets, buildings and points of interest.O*NET Task ID 7946 | 0.5 |
Locate lost, stolen, and counterfeit parking permits, and take necessary enforcement action.O*NET Task ID 7954 | 0.5 |
Patrol an assigned area by vehicle or on foot to ensure public compliance with existing parking ordinance.O*NET Task ID 7935 | 0.0 |
Maintain close communications with dispatching personnel, using two-way radios or cell phones.O*NET Task ID 7936 | 0.0 |
Mark tires of parked vehicles with chalk and record time of marking, and return at regular intervals to ensure that parking time limits are not exceeded.O*NET Task ID 7938 | 0.0 |
Train new or temporary staff.O*NET Task ID 7940 | 0.0 |
Perform simple vehicle maintenance procedures, such as checking oil and gas, and report mechanical problems to supervisors.O*NET Task ID 7942 | 0.0 |
Maintain assigned equipment and supplies, such as hand-held citation computers, citation books, rain gear, tire-marking chalk, and street cones.O*NET Task ID 7945 | 0.0 |
Appear in court at hearings regarding contested traffic citations.O*NET Task ID 7947 | 0.0 |
Make arrangements for illegally parked or abandoned vehicles to be towed, and direct tow-truck drivers to the correct vehicles.O*NET Task ID 7948 | 0.0 |
Perform traffic control duties such as setting up barricades and temporary signs, placing bags on parking meters to limit their use, or directing traffic.O*NET Task ID 7949 | 0.0 |
Provide assistance to motorists needing help with problems, such as flat tires, keys locked in cars, or dead batteries.O*NET Task ID 7950 | 0.0 |
Collect coins deposited in meters.O*NET Task ID 7952 | 0.0 |
Wind parking meter clocks.O*NET Task ID 7955 | 0.0 |
Remove handbills within patrol areas.O*NET Task ID 7957 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (20)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Patrol an assigned area by vehicle or on foot to ensure public compliance with existing parking ordinance. | Core |
| Maintain close communications with dispatching personnel, using two-way radios or cell phones. | Core |
| Write warnings and citations for illegally parked vehicles. | Core |
| Mark tires of parked vehicles with chalk and record time of marking, and return at regular intervals to ensure that parking time limits are not exceeded. | Core |
| Respond to and make radio dispatch calls regarding parking violations and complaints. | Core |
| Identify vehicles in violation of parking codes, checking with dispatchers when necessary to confirm identities or to determine whether vehicles need to be booted or towed. | Core |
| Perform simple vehicle maintenance procedures, such as checking oil and gas, and report mechanical problems to supervisors. | Core |
| Observe and report hazardous conditions, such as missing traffic signals or signs, and street markings that need to be repainted. | Core |
| Maintain assigned equipment and supplies, such as hand-held citation computers, citation books, rain gear, tire-marking chalk, and street cones. | Core |
| Provide information to the public regarding parking regulations and facilities, and the location of streets, buildings and points of interest. | Core |
| Appear in court at hearings regarding contested traffic citations. | Core |
| Make arrangements for illegally parked or abandoned vehicles to be towed, and direct tow-truck drivers to the correct vehicles. | Core |
| Enter and retrieve information pertaining to vehicle registration, identification, and status, using hand-held computers. | Core |
| Train new or temporary staff. | Supplemental |
| Investigate and answer complaints regarding contested parking citations, determining their validity and routing them appropriately. | Supplemental |
| Provide assistance to motorists needing help with problems, such as flat tires, keys locked in cars, or dead batteries. | Supplemental |
| Prepare and maintain required records, including logs of parking enforcement activities, and records of contested citations. | Supplemental |
| Locate lost, stolen, and counterfeit parking permits, and take necessary enforcement action. | Supplemental |
| Assign and review the work of subordinates. | Supplemental |
| Perform traffic control duties such as setting up barricades and temporary signs, placing bags on parking meters to limit their use, or directing traffic or pedestrians. | Supplemental |
1.01/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Patrol an assigned area by vehicle or on foot to ensure public compliance with existing parking ordinance. | E2 structured facilities |
| Identify vehicles in violation of parking codes, checking with dispatchers when necessary to confirm identities or to determine whether vehicles need to be booted or towed. | E2 structured facilities |
| Perform simple vehicle maintenance procedures, such as checking oil and gas, and report mechanical problems to supervisors. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Observe and report hazardous conditions, such as missing traffic signals or signs, and street markings that need to be repainted. | E3 unstructured settings |
| Maintain assigned equipment and supplies, such as hand-held citation computers, citation books, rain gear, tire-marking chalk, and street cones. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Perform traffic control duties such as setting up barricades and temporary signs, placing bags on parking meters to limit their use, or directing traffic. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Mark tires of parked vehicles with chalk and record time of marking, and return at regular intervals to ensure that parking time limits are not exceeded. | E2 structured facilities |
| Provide assistance to motorists needing help with problems, such as flat tires, keys locked in cars, or dead batteries. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Collect coins deposited in meters. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Locate lost, stolen, and counterfeit parking permits, and take necessary enforcement action. | E0 none |
| Wind parking meter clocks. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 9K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 9K
- Change (2025–35)
- -1.1%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $46,730
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 41292 | 주차 단속원 | Same scope | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 5419Protective Services Workers Not Elsewhere Classified
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
This unit group covers protective services workers not classified elsewhere in Minor Group 541: Protective Services Workers. For instance, the unit group includes lifeguards, crossing guards and animal control officers.
Tasks
- (a) patrolling beaches and swimming pools to prevent accidents and to rescue bathers from drowning;
- (b) monitoring traffic flow to locate safe gaps through which pedestrians can cross streets;
- (c) responding to citizen complaints concerning stray domestic animals, livestock and wildlife, issuing warnings and citations to owners and impounding lost, homeless and dangerous animals;
- (d) patrolling an assigned area to enforce parking regulations;
- (e) directing traffic.
Example occupations
Animal control officer · Beach patrolman/woman · Crossing guard · Game warden · Lifeguard · Traffic warden
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- civil enforcement officerESCO 5419.2This occupation is narrower
Civil enforcement officers patrol the streets to enforce parking restrictions, ensure a free flow of traffic is maintained, ensure the safety of pedestrians, and ensure traffic and parking laws are complied with. They aid with the combating of crime and crime reduction by providing assistance during incidents and providing patrol services.
- street wardenESCO 5419.7Overlapping, not the same
Street wardens patrol designated areas to ensure a sense of security with the public, and provide general support. They monitor suspicious behaviour and cooperate with the police and other local institutions to maintain the community's safety and well-being, and enforce law and issue penalties when necessary.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| K1743 | Agent de surveillance de la voie publique (ASVP) / Agente de surveillance de la voie publique (ASVP) | Same scopeprovisional |
| K1746 | Receveur placier / Receveuse placière | Related, not a match |
| K1707 | Policier municipal / Policière municipale | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 5999 | Trabajadores de los servicios de protección y seguridad no clasificados bajo otros epígrafes | Related, not a match |
| 9490 | Otras ocupaciones elementales | Related, not a match |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 53182 | Berufe in Objekt-, Personen-, Brandschutz, Arbeitssicherheit (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrower |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 459 | 他に分類されない保安職業従事者 | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources