Food Servers, Nonrestaurant
Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 35-3041.00
Serve food to individuals outside of a restaurant environment, such as in hotel rooms, hospital rooms, residential care facilities, or cars.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Moderate· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.22–0.28· 2 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 5131Waiters0.28
- ISCO-08 5212Street Food Salespersons0.22
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only14 rated tasks · 3 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (21.4%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Record amounts and types of special food items served to customers.O*NET Task ID 11161 | 1.0 |
Examine trays to ensure that they contain required items.O*NET Task ID 11151 | 0.5 |
Total checks, present them to customers, and accept payment for services.O*NET Task ID 11162 | 0.5 |
Monitor food distribution, ensuring that meals are delivered to the correct recipients and that guidelines, such as those for special diets, are followed.O*NET Task ID 11149 | 0.0 |
Clean or sterilize dishes, kitchen utensils, equipment, or facilities.O*NET Task ID 11150 | 0.0 |
Place food servings on plates or trays according to orders or instructions.O*NET Task ID 11152 | 0.0 |
Load trays with accessories, such as eating utensils, napkins, or condiments.O*NET Task ID 11153 | 0.0 |
Take food orders and relay orders to kitchens or serving counters so they can be filled.O*NET Task ID 11154 | 0.0 |
Stock service stations with items, such as ice, napkins, or straws.O*NET Task ID 11155 | 0.0 |
Remove trays and stack dishes for return to kitchen after meals are finished.O*NET Task ID 11156 | 0.0 |
Prepare food items, such as sandwiches, salads, soups, or beverages.O*NET Task ID 11157 | 0.0 |
Monitor food preparation or serving techniques to ensure that proper procedures are followed.O*NET Task ID 11158 | 0.0 |
Carry food, silverware, or linen on trays or use carts to carry trays.O*NET Task ID 11159 | 0.0 |
Determine where patients or patrons would like to eat their meals and help them get situated.O*NET Task ID 11160 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (14)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Monitor food distribution, ensuring that meals are delivered to the correct recipients and that guidelines, such as those for special diets, are followed. | Core |
| Clean or sterilize dishes, kitchen utensils, equipment, or facilities. | Core |
| Examine trays to ensure that they contain required items. | Core |
| Place food servings on plates or trays according to orders or instructions. | Core |
| Load trays with accessories, such as eating utensils, napkins, or condiments. | Core |
| Take food orders and relay orders to kitchens or serving counters so they can be filled. | Core |
| Stock service stations with items, such as ice, napkins, or straws. | Core |
| Remove trays and stack dishes for return to kitchen after meals are finished. | Core |
| Prepare food items, such as sandwiches, salads, soups, or beverages. | Core |
| Monitor food preparation or serving techniques to ensure that proper procedures are followed. | Core |
| Carry food, silverware, or linen on trays or use carts to carry trays. | Core |
| Determine where patients or patrons would like to eat their meals and help them get situated. | Core |
| Record amounts and types of special food items served to customers. | Core |
| Total checks, present them to customers, and accept payment for services. | Supplemental |
0.98/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Monitor food distribution, ensuring that meals are delivered to the correct recipients and that guidelines, such as those for special diets, are followed. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Clean or sterilize dishes, kitchen utensils, equipment, or facilities. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Examine trays to ensure that they contain required items. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Place food servings on plates or trays according to orders or instructions. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Load trays with accessories, such as eating utensils, napkins, or condiments. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Stock service stations with items, such as ice, napkins, or straws. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Remove trays and stack dishes for return to kitchen after meals are finished. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Prepare food items, such as sandwiches, salads, soups, or beverages. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Carry food, silverware, or linen on trays or use carts to carry trays. | E2 structured facilities |
| Determine where patients or patrons would like to eat their meals and help them get situated. | E0 none |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 296K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 310K
- Change (2025–35)
- +4.5%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $35,360
- Typical education needed for entry
- No formal educational credential
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 45391 | 병원 배식원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 5131Waiters
- ISCO-08 5212Street Food Salespersons
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- head waiter/head waitressESCO 5131.2.1This occupation is narrower
Head waiters/waitresses manage the food and beverage service in a hospitality outlet or unit. They are responsible for the customer's experience. Head waiters/waitresses coordinate all actions involving customers such as welcoming guests, ordering, delivering the food & beverages and supervise financial transactions.
- waiter/waitressESCO 5131.2This occupation is narrower
Waiters/waitresses supply guests with food and drinks as requested. Waiters/waitresses usually work in restaurants, bars and hotels. This involves the preparation of tables, serving food or beverages and taking payments.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| G1502 | Employé / Employée d'hôtel | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| G1607 | Employé / Employée de restauration collective | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| G1803 | Serveur / Serveuse en restauration | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| J1301 | Agent / Agente de service hospitalier (ASH) | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 5120 | Camareros asalariados | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 63302 | Berufe im Gastronomieservice (ohne Spezialisierung) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
| 63301 | Berufe im Gastronomieservice (ohne Spezialisierung) - Helfer-/Anlerntätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 63382 | Berufe in der Gastronomie (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 403 | 飲食物給仕従事者 | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources