Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop
Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 35-9031.00
Welcome patrons, seat them at tables or in lounge, and help ensure quality of facilities and service.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.073
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.21
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only22 rated tasks · 10 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (45.5%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- 2 rated tasks are not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; their scores are kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Plan parties or other special events and services.35-9031.00 | 0.112195.5 | 0.055274.6 |
Answer telephone calls and respond to inquiries or transfer calls.35-9031.00 | 0.00534.5 | 0.015320.8 |
Maintain contact with kitchen staff, management, serving staff, and customers to ensure that dining details are handled properly and customers' concerns are addressed. | —0 | 0.00344.6 |
| Not observed on any surface — 19 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Provide guests with menus. | —0 | —0 |
Greet guests and seat them at tables or in waiting areas. | —0 | —0 |
Receive and record patrons' dining reservations. | —0 | —0 |
Inform patrons of establishment specialties and features. | —0 | —0 |
Direct patrons to coatrooms and waiting areas such as lounges. | —0 | —0 |
Assign patrons to tables suitable for their needs and according to rotation so that servers receive an appropriate number of seatings. | —0 | —0 |
Speak with patrons to ensure satisfaction with food and service, to respond to complaints, or to make conversation. | —0 | —0 |
Inspect dining and serving areas to ensure cleanliness and proper setup. | —0 | —0 |
Inspect restrooms for cleanliness and availability of supplies and clean restrooms when necessary. | —0 | —0 |
Operate cash registers to accept payments for food and beverages. | —0 | —0 |
Prepare cash receipts after establishments close, and make bank deposits. | —0 | —0 |
Supervise and coordinate activities of dining room staff to ensure that patrons receive prompt and courteous service. | —0 | —0 |
Prepare staff work schedules. | —0 | —0 |
Order or requisition supplies and equipment for tables and serving stations. | —0 | —0 |
Hire, train, and supervise food and beverage service staff. | —0 | —0 |
Confer with other staff to help plan establishments' menus. | —0 | —0 |
Perform marketing and advertising services. | —0 | —0 |
Take and prepare to-go orders. | —0 | —0 |
Assist with preparing and serving food and beverages. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Answer telephone calls and respond to inquiries or transfer calls.O*NET Task ID 18751 | 1.0 |
Receive and record patrons' dining reservations.O*NET Task ID 2301 | 0.5 |
Inform patrons of establishment specialties and features.O*NET Task ID 2303 | 0.5 |
Prepare cash receipts after establishments close, and make bank deposits.O*NET Task ID 2306 | 0.5 |
Prepare staff work schedules.O*NET Task ID 2308 | 0.5 |
Hire, train, and supervise food and beverage service staff.O*NET Task ID 2310 | 0.5 |
Plan parties or other special events and services.O*NET Task ID 2311 | 0.5 |
Confer with other staff to help plan establishments' menus.O*NET Task ID 2312 | 0.5 |
Perform marketing and advertising services.O*NET Task ID 2313 | 0.5 |
Assign patrons to tables suitable for their needs and according to rotation so that servers receive an appropriate number of seatings.O*NET Task ID 18749 | 0.5 |
Provide guests with menus.O*NET Task ID 2296 | 0.0 |
Greet guests and seat them at tables or in waiting areas.O*NET Task ID 2297 | 0.0 |
Maintain contact with kitchen staff, management, serving staff, and customers to ensure that dining details are handled properly and customers' concerns are addressed.O*NET Task ID 2302 | 0.0 |
Direct patrons to coatrooms and waiting areas, such as lounges.O*NET Task ID 2304 | 0.0 |
Operate cash registers to accept payments for food and beverages.O*NET Task ID 2305 | 0.0 |
Supervise and coordinate activities of dining room staff to ensure that patrons receive prompt and courteous service.O*NET Task ID 2307 | 0.0 |
Order or requisition supplies and equipment for tables and serving stations.O*NET Task ID 2309 | 0.0 |
Speak with patrons to ensure satisfaction with food and service, to respond to complaints, or to make conversation.O*NET Task ID 18750 | 0.0 |
Inspect dining and serving areas to ensure cleanliness and proper setup.O*NET Task ID 18752 | 0.0 |
Inspect restrooms for cleanliness and availability of supplies, and clean restrooms when necessary.O*NET Task ID 18753 | 0.0 |
Take and prepare to-go orders.O*NET Task ID 18754 | 0.0 |
Assist other restaurant workers by serving food and beverages, or by bussing tables.O*NET Task ID 21070 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (20)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Provide guests with menus. | Core |
| Greet guests and seat them at tables or in waiting areas. | Core |
| Receive and record patrons' dining reservations. | Core |
| Maintain contact with kitchen staff, management, serving staff, and customers to ensure that dining details are handled properly and customers' concerns are addressed. | Core |
| Inform patrons of establishment specialties and features. | Core |
| Supervise and coordinate activities of dining room staff to ensure that patrons receive prompt and courteous service. | Core |
| Assign patrons to tables suitable for their needs and according to rotation so that servers receive an appropriate number of seatings. | Core |
| Speak with patrons to ensure satisfaction with food and service, to respond to complaints, or to make conversation. | Core |
| Answer telephone calls and respond to inquiries or transfer calls. | Core |
| Inspect dining and serving areas to ensure cleanliness and proper setup. | Core |
| Inspect restrooms for cleanliness and availability of supplies, and clean restrooms when necessary. | Core |
| Take and prepare to-go orders. | Core |
| Assist other restaurant workers by serving food and beverages, or by bussing tables. | Core |
| Direct patrons to coatrooms and waiting areas, such as lounges. | Supplemental |
| Operate cash registers to accept payments for food and beverages. | Supplemental |
| Prepare cash receipts after establishments close, and make bank deposits. | Supplemental |
| Order or requisition supplies and equipment for tables and serving stations. | Supplemental |
| Hire, train, and supervise food and beverage service staff. | Supplemental |
| Confer with other staff to help plan establishments' menus. | Supplemental |
| Perform marketing and advertising services. | Supplemental |
0.94/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Provide guests with menus. | E2 structured facilities |
| Greet guests and seat them at tables or in waiting areas. | E2 structured facilities |
| Operate cash registers to accept payments for food and beverages. | E2 structured facilities |
| Inspect dining and serving areas to ensure cleanliness and proper setup. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Inspect restrooms for cleanliness and availability of supplies, and clean restrooms when necessary. | E2 structured facilities |
| Take and prepare to-go orders. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Assist other restaurant workers by serving food and beverages, or by bussing tables. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Prepare cash receipts after establishments close, and make bank deposits. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 444K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 460K
- Change (2025–35)
- +3.4%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $31,200
- Typical education needed for entry
- No formal educational credential
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 36121 | 예약 및 접수 사무원 | This occupation is narrower | confirmed |
| 45313 | 주류 서비스 종사원 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 5169Personal Services Workers Not Elsewhere Classified
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
This unit group covers personal service workers not classified elsewhere in Sub-major Group 51: Personal Service Workers. For instance, those who provide services and companionship as dancing partners, social escorts and night-club hostesses or hosts are classified here.
Tasks
- In such cases tasks would include -
- (a) accompanying clients to restaurants and other outings;
- (b) acting as a dancing partner;
- (c) welcoming clients to a night-club and ensuring that they are entertained well.
Example occupations
Club host · Club hostess · Dancing partner · Social escort
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- club host/club hostessESCO 5169.1This occupation is broader
Club host/hostess welcome customers to the club. They ensure that clients are well looked after and satisfied.
- restaurant host/restaurant hostessESCO 5131.1This occupation is broader
Restaurant hosts/hostesses welcome customers to a hospitality service unit and provide initial services.
- usherESCO 9629.7This occupation is broader
Ushers assist visitors by showing their way in a big building such as a theatre, stadium or concert hall. They check visitors' tickets for authorized access, give directions to their seats and answer questions. Ushers may take on security monitoring tasks and alert security personnel when required.
- doorman/doorwomanESCO 9621.1Overlapping, not the same
Doormen/doorwomen welcome guests to a hospitality establishment and provide additional services related to assistance with luggage, guests' safety whilst ensuring security.
- hospitality establishment receptionistESCO 4224.1Overlapping, not the same
Hospitality establishment receptionists provide first point of contact and assistance to the guests of a hospitality establishment. They are also responsible for taking bookings, processing payments and giving information.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| G1803 | Serveur / Serveuse en restauration | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| G1802 | Maître / Maîtresse d'hôtel | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 5899 | Trabajadores de servicios personales no clasificados bajo otros epígrafes | Related, not a match |
| 5120 | Camareros asalariados | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 63302 | Berufe im Gastronomieservice (ohne Spezialisierung) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
| 63401 | Berufe im Veranstaltungsservice und -management - Helfer-/Anlerntätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 403 | 飲食物給仕従事者 | This occupation is narrower |
| 405 | 接客社交従事者 | Related, not a match |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources