Gambling and Sports Book Writers and Runners

O*NET-SOC code: 39-3012.00

Post information enabling patrons to wager on various races and sporting events. Assist in the operation of games such as keno and bingo. May operate random number-generating equipment and announce the numbers for patrons. Receive, verify, and record patrons' wagers. Scan and process winning tickets presented by patrons and pay out winnings for those wagers.

Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery high
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
Source dataset (XLSX download)
Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
Source dataset (CSV download)
Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.45
0.09Range of values carried here0.70
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
Source dataset (PDF download)

What kind of figure this source publishes

The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.

Task-level exposure

Exposed tasks only

22 rated tasks · 6 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (27.3%)

β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.

Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
5 rated tasks are not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; their scores are kept as published for O*NET 27.2.

Source: OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
Release: gh-main-0471612
License: MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI

Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.

Task (O*NET 27.2)	βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Answer questions about game rules or casino policies. O*NET Task ID 8009	1.0
Compare the house hand with players' hands to determine the winner. O*NET Task ID 8010	1.0
Prepare collection reports for submission to supervisors. O*NET Task ID 8013	1.0
Start gaming equipment that randomly selects numbered balls and announce winning numbers and colors. O*NET Task ID 8018	1.0
Record the number of tickets cashed and the amount paid out after each race or event. O*NET Task ID 8019	1.0
Compute and verify amounts won or lost, paying out winnings or referring patrons to workers, such as gaming cashiers, so that winnings can be collected. O*NET Task ID 20596	0.5
Collect bets in the form of cash or chips, verifying and recording amounts. O*NET Task ID 8007	0.0
Collect cards or tickets from players. O*NET Task ID 8008	0.0
Check to ensure that all players have placed their bets before play begins. O*NET Task ID 8011	0.0
Conduct gambling tables or games, such as dice, roulette, cards, or keno, and ensure that game rules are followed. O*NET Task ID 8012	0.0
Pay off or move bets as established by game rules and procedures. O*NET Task ID 8014	0.0
Inspect cards or equipment to be used in games to ensure they are in proper condition. O*NET Task ID 8015	0.0
Exchange paper currency for playing chips or coins. O*NET Task ID 8016	0.0
Open or close cash floats or game tables. O*NET Task ID 8017	0.0
Operate games in which players bet that a ball will come to rest in a particular slot on a rotating wheel, performing actions such as spinning the wheel and releasing the ball. O*NET Task ID 8020	0.0
Supervise staff and games and mediate disputes. O*NET Task ID 8021	0.0
Push dice to shooters and retrieve thrown dice. O*NET Task ID 8022	0.0
Deliver tickets, cards, and money to bingo callers. O*NET Task ID 8023	0.0
Participate in games for gambling establishments to provide the minimum complement of players at a table. O*NET Task ID 8024	0.0
Take the house percentage from each pot. O*NET Task ID 8025	0.0
Sell food, beverages, or tobacco to players. O*NET Task ID 8026	0.0
Seat patrons at gaming tables. O*NET Task ID 8027	0.0

β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

All O*NET 31.0 task statements (17)

All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.

Task (O*NET 31.0)	Type
Collect cards or tickets from players.	Core
Answer questions about game rules or casino policies.	Core
Compute and verify amounts won or lost, paying out winnings or referring patrons to workers, such as gaming cashiers, so that winnings can be collected.	Core
Collect bets in the form of cash or chips, verifying and recording amounts.	Supplemental
Compare the house hand with players' hands to determine the winner.	Supplemental
Check to ensure that all players have placed their bets before play begins.	Supplemental
Conduct gambling tables or games, such as dice, roulette, cards, or keno, and ensure that game rules are followed.	Supplemental
Prepare collection reports for submission to supervisors.	Supplemental
Pay off or move bets as established by game rules and procedures.	Supplemental
Inspect cards or equipment to be used in games to ensure they are in proper condition.	Supplemental
Exchange paper currency for playing chips or coins.	Supplemental
Open or close cash floats or game tables.	Supplemental
Start gaming equipment that randomly selects numbered balls and announce winning numbers and colors.	Supplemental
Record the number of tickets cashed and the amount paid out after each race or event.	Supplemental
Operate games in which players bet that a ball will come to rest in a particular slot on a rotating wheel, performing actions such as spinning the wheel and releasing the ball.	Supplemental
Supervise staff and games and mediate disputes.	Supplemental
Take the house percentage from each pot.	Supplemental

Anthropic, "What work can robots do?"2026-09

1.37/ 3· Robot exposure index

0 none3 unstructured settings

Scale, basis and source

Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time

Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks

Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.

Source dataset

The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.

Tier of each physical task

Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)

E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site

Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.

Task (O*NET 29.3)	Robot environment tier
Collect bets in the form of cash or chips, verifying and recording amounts.	E2 structured facilities
Collect cards or tickets from players.	E1 purpose-built robot settings
Compute and verify amounts won or lost, paying out winnings or referring patrons to workers, such as gaming cashiers, so that winnings can be collected.	E2 structured facilities
Conduct gambling tables or games, such as dice, roulette, cards, or keno, and ensure that game rules are followed.	E1 purpose-built robot settings
Pay off or move bets as established by game rules and procedures.	E2 structured facilities
Inspect cards or equipment to be used in games to ensure they are in proper condition.	E1 purpose-built robot settings
Exchange paper currency for playing chips or coins.	E2 structured facilities
Open or close cash floats or game tables.	E1 purpose-built robot settings
Start gaming equipment that randomly selects numbered balls and announce winning numbers and colors.	E2 structured facilities
Operate games in which players bet that a ball will come to rest in a particular slot on a rotating wheel, performing actions such as spinning the wheel and releasing the ball.	E1 purpose-built robot settings
Deliver tickets, cards, and money to bingo callers.	E2 structured facilities
Sell food, beverages, or tobacco to players.	E2 structured facilities

Employment outlook (BLS)

Employment, 2025: 10K
Projected employment, 2035: 10K
Change (2025–35): +1.8%
Median annual wage, 2025: $34,980
Typical education needed for entry: High school diploma or equivalent

lowest $30,890median wage across 825 detailed occupations, BLS EP 2025–35highest $559,030

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — Employment by detailed occupation, 2025 and projected 2035

Korea classification links (KSCO)

Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.

KSCO code	KSCO title	Relation	Status
52134	복권 및 마권 판매원	Overlapping, not the same	confirmed

Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)

ILO occupational description

AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.

ISCO-08 4212Bookmakers, Croupiers and Related Gaming Workers

The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.

Bookmakers and croupiers and related gambling workers determine odds and receive and pay off bets on results of sporting or other events, or conduct games of chance in gambling establishments.

Tasks

(a) determining risks to decide odds and to hedge or refuse bets;
(b) preparing and issuing lists of approximate odds;
(c) distributing cards, rolling dice or spinning a roulette wheel;
(d) explaining and interpreting operating rules of a gambling establishment;
(e) announcing winning numbers, paying winners and collecting payments from losers.

Example occupations

Bookmaker · Croupier

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO occupational vocabulary

Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.

bookmakerESCO 4212.2Same scope
Bookmakers (also often called 'bookies', or 'turf accountants') take bets on sports games and other events at agreed upon odds, they calculate odds and pay out winnings. They are responsible for the risk management.
lottery operatorESCO 4212.6Overlapping, not the same
Lottery operators run the day-to-day functions of lotteries. They verify and enter data into the system, prepare reports and assist the forwarding of company equipment. They operate the communication tools used. Operators install, tear down and maintain equipment.
odds compilerESCO 4212.7Overlapping, not the same
Odds compilers compile the odds in gambling. They are employed by a bookmaker, betting exchange, lotteries and digital/on-line as well as casinos who sets the odds for events (such as sporting outcomes) for customers to place bets on. Apart from pricing markets, they also engage in any activity regarding the trading aspects of gambling, such as monitoring customer accounts and the profitability of their operations. An odds compiler may be required to monitor the financial position the bookmaker is in and adjust their position (and odds) accordingly. They may also be consulted as to whether to accept a bet or not.

Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

View original

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

France classification links (ROME)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.

ROME code	ROME title (French)	Relation
D1251	Vendeur de tabac-presse / Vendeuse de tabac-presse	Related, not a matchprovisional
G1206	Croupier / Croupière	Related, not a matchprovisional

Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.

ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)

Spain classification links (CNO-11)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

CNO-11 code	CNO-11 title (Spanish)	Relation
4443	Empleados de sala de juegos y afines	This occupation is narrowerprovisional
4442	Empleados de venta de apuestas	Related, not a matchprovisional

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)

Germany classification links (KldB)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

KldB code	KldB title (German)	Relation
62112	Kassierer/innen und Kartenverkäufer/innen - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten	Related, not a match
94342	Berufe im Bereich Glücks- und Wettspiel - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten	Related, not a match

Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)

Japan classification links (JSCO)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

JSCO code	JSCO title (Japanese)	Relation
407	娯楽場等接客員	This occupation is narrowerprovisional

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)

Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources