Gambling and Sports Book Writers and Runners
Personal Care and Service Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 39-3012.00
Post information enabling patrons to wager on various races and sporting events. Assist in the operation of games such as keno and bingo. May operate random number-generating equipment and announce the numbers for patrons. Receive, verify, and record patrons' wagers. Scan and process winning tickets presented by patrons and pay out winnings for those wagers.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.45
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only22 rated tasks · 6 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (27.3%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- 5 rated tasks are not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; their scores are kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Tasks of O*NET-SOC 2010 occupation 39-3012.00 Gaming and Sports Book Writers and Runners, linked to this occupation by the O*NET-SOC 2010 to 2019 crosswalk
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Answer questions about game rules or casino policies.39-3012.00 | 0.0023100.0 | 0.0021100.0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 21 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Collect bets in the form of cash or chips, verifying and recording amounts. | —0 | —0 |
Collect cards or tickets from players. | —0 | —0 |
Compute and verify amounts won or lost, paying out winnings or referring patrons to workers, such as gaming cashiers, so that winnings can be collected. | —0 | —0 |
Compare the house hand with players' hands to determine the winner. | —0 | —0 |
Check to ensure that all players have placed their bets before play begins. | —0 | —0 |
Conduct gambling tables or games, such as dice, roulette, cards, or keno, and ensure that game rules are followed. | —0 | —0 |
Prepare collection reports for submission to supervisors. | —0 | —0 |
Pay off or move bets as established by game rules and procedures. | —0 | —0 |
Inspect cards or equipment to be used in games to ensure they are in proper condition. | —0 | —0 |
Exchange paper currency for playing chips or coins. | —0 | —0 |
Open or close cash floats or game tables. | —0 | —0 |
Start gaming equipment that randomly selects numbered balls and announce winning numbers and colors. | —0 | —0 |
Record the number of tickets cashed and the amount paid out after each race or event. | —0 | —0 |
Operate games in which players bet that a ball will come to rest in a particular slot on a rotating wheel, performing actions such as spinning the wheel and releasing the ball. | —0 | —0 |
Supervise staff and games and mediate disputes. | —0 | —0 |
Push dice to shooters and retrieve thrown dice. | —0 | —0 |
Deliver tickets, cards, and money to bingo callers. | —0 | —0 |
Participate in games for gambling establishments to provide the minimum complement of players at a table. | —0 | —0 |
Take the house percentage from each pot. | —0 | —0 |
Sell food, beverages, or tobacco to players. | —0 | —0 |
Seat patrons at gaming tables. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Answer questions about game rules or casino policies.O*NET Task ID 8009 | 1.0 |
Compare the house hand with players' hands to determine the winner.O*NET Task ID 8010 | 1.0 |
Prepare collection reports for submission to supervisors.O*NET Task ID 8013 | 1.0 |
Start gaming equipment that randomly selects numbered balls and announce winning numbers and colors.O*NET Task ID 8018 | 1.0 |
Record the number of tickets cashed and the amount paid out after each race or event.O*NET Task ID 8019 | 1.0 |
Compute and verify amounts won or lost, paying out winnings or referring patrons to workers, such as gaming cashiers, so that winnings can be collected.O*NET Task ID 20596 | 0.5 |
Collect bets in the form of cash or chips, verifying and recording amounts.O*NET Task ID 8007 | 0.0 |
Collect cards or tickets from players.O*NET Task ID 8008 | 0.0 |
Check to ensure that all players have placed their bets before play begins.O*NET Task ID 8011 | 0.0 |
Conduct gambling tables or games, such as dice, roulette, cards, or keno, and ensure that game rules are followed.O*NET Task ID 8012 | 0.0 |
Pay off or move bets as established by game rules and procedures.O*NET Task ID 8014 | 0.0 |
Inspect cards or equipment to be used in games to ensure they are in proper condition.O*NET Task ID 8015 | 0.0 |
Exchange paper currency for playing chips or coins.O*NET Task ID 8016 | 0.0 |
Open or close cash floats or game tables.O*NET Task ID 8017 | 0.0 |
Operate games in which players bet that a ball will come to rest in a particular slot on a rotating wheel, performing actions such as spinning the wheel and releasing the ball.O*NET Task ID 8020 | 0.0 |
Supervise staff and games and mediate disputes.O*NET Task ID 8021 | 0.0 |
Push dice to shooters and retrieve thrown dice.O*NET Task ID 8022 | 0.0 |
Deliver tickets, cards, and money to bingo callers.O*NET Task ID 8023 | 0.0 |
Participate in games for gambling establishments to provide the minimum complement of players at a table.O*NET Task ID 8024 | 0.0 |
Take the house percentage from each pot.O*NET Task ID 8025 | 0.0 |
Sell food, beverages, or tobacco to players.O*NET Task ID 8026 | 0.0 |
Seat patrons at gaming tables.O*NET Task ID 8027 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (17)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Collect cards or tickets from players. | Core |
| Answer questions about game rules or casino policies. | Core |
| Compute and verify amounts won or lost, paying out winnings or referring patrons to workers, such as gaming cashiers, so that winnings can be collected. | Core |
| Collect bets in the form of cash or chips, verifying and recording amounts. | Supplemental |
| Compare the house hand with players' hands to determine the winner. | Supplemental |
| Check to ensure that all players have placed their bets before play begins. | Supplemental |
| Conduct gambling tables or games, such as dice, roulette, cards, or keno, and ensure that game rules are followed. | Supplemental |
| Prepare collection reports for submission to supervisors. | Supplemental |
| Pay off or move bets as established by game rules and procedures. | Supplemental |
| Inspect cards or equipment to be used in games to ensure they are in proper condition. | Supplemental |
| Exchange paper currency for playing chips or coins. | Supplemental |
| Open or close cash floats or game tables. | Supplemental |
| Start gaming equipment that randomly selects numbered balls and announce winning numbers and colors. | Supplemental |
| Record the number of tickets cashed and the amount paid out after each race or event. | Supplemental |
| Operate games in which players bet that a ball will come to rest in a particular slot on a rotating wheel, performing actions such as spinning the wheel and releasing the ball. | Supplemental |
| Supervise staff and games and mediate disputes. | Supplemental |
| Take the house percentage from each pot. | Supplemental |
1.37/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Collect bets in the form of cash or chips, verifying and recording amounts. | E2 structured facilities |
| Collect cards or tickets from players. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Compute and verify amounts won or lost, paying out winnings or referring patrons to workers, such as gaming cashiers, so that winnings can be collected. | E2 structured facilities |
| Conduct gambling tables or games, such as dice, roulette, cards, or keno, and ensure that game rules are followed. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Pay off or move bets as established by game rules and procedures. | E2 structured facilities |
| Inspect cards or equipment to be used in games to ensure they are in proper condition. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Exchange paper currency for playing chips or coins. | E2 structured facilities |
| Open or close cash floats or game tables. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Start gaming equipment that randomly selects numbered balls and announce winning numbers and colors. | E2 structured facilities |
| Operate games in which players bet that a ball will come to rest in a particular slot on a rotating wheel, performing actions such as spinning the wheel and releasing the ball. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Deliver tickets, cards, and money to bingo callers. | E2 structured facilities |
| Sell food, beverages, or tobacco to players. | E2 structured facilities |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 10K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 10K
- Change (2025–35)
- +1.8%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $34,980
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 52134 | 복권 및 마권 판매원 | Overlapping, not the same | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 4212Bookmakers, Croupiers and Related Gaming Workers
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Bookmakers and croupiers and related gambling workers determine odds and receive and pay off bets on results of sporting or other events, or conduct games of chance in gambling establishments.
Tasks
- (a) determining risks to decide odds and to hedge or refuse bets;
- (b) preparing and issuing lists of approximate odds;
- (c) distributing cards, rolling dice or spinning a roulette wheel;
- (d) explaining and interpreting operating rules of a gambling establishment;
- (e) announcing winning numbers, paying winners and collecting payments from losers.
Example occupations
Bookmaker · Croupier
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- bookmakerESCO 4212.2Same scope
Bookmakers (also often called 'bookies', or 'turf accountants') take bets on sports games and other events at agreed upon odds, they calculate odds and pay out winnings. They are responsible for the risk management.
- lottery operatorESCO 4212.6Overlapping, not the same
Lottery operators run the day-to-day functions of lotteries. They verify and enter data into the system, prepare reports and assist the forwarding of company equipment. They operate the communication tools used. Operators install, tear down and maintain equipment.
- odds compilerESCO 4212.7Overlapping, not the same
Odds compilers compile the odds in gambling. They are employed by a bookmaker, betting exchange, lotteries and digital/on-line as well as casinos who sets the odds for events (such as sporting outcomes) for customers to place bets on. Apart from pricing markets, they also engage in any activity regarding the trading aspects of gambling, such as monitoring customer accounts and the profitability of their operations. An odds compiler may be required to monitor the financial position the bookmaker is in and adjust their position (and odds) accordingly. They may also be consulted as to whether to accept a bet or not.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| D1251 | Vendeur de tabac-presse / Vendeuse de tabac-presse | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| G1206 | Croupier / Croupière | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 4443 | Empleados de sala de juegos y afines | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 4442 | Empleados de venta de apuestas | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 62112 | Kassierer/innen und Kartenverkäufer/innen - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
| 94342 | Berufe im Bereich Glücks- und Wettspiel - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 407 | 娯楽場等接客員 | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources