First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers
Sales and Related Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 41-1011.00
Directly supervise and coordinate activities of retail sales workers in an establishment or department. Duties may include management functions, such as purchasing, budgeting, accounting, and personnel work, in addition to supervisory duties.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.263
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.36
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only21 rated tasks · 19 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (90.5%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Provide customer service by greeting and assisting customers and responding to customer inquiries and complaints.41-1011.00 | 0.026438.3 | 0.024418.2 |
Confer with company officials to develop methods and procedures to increase sales, expand markets, and promote business.41-1011.00 | 0.015923.0 | 0.00493.7 |
Instruct staff on how to handle difficult and complicated sales.41-1011.00 | 0.014621.2 | 0.01259.3 |
Plan and coordinate advertising campaigns and sales promotions and prepare merchandise displays and advertising copy.41-1011.00 | 0.00497.1 | 0.00382.8 |
Examine merchandise to ensure that it is correctly priced and displayed and that it functions as advertised.41-1011.00 | 0.00233.3 | 0.035926.8 |
Establish credit policies and operating procedures.41-1011.00 | 0.00172.5 | —0 |
Direct and supervise employees engaged in sales, inventory-taking, reconciling cash receipts, or in performing services for customers.41-1011.00 | 0.00162.3 | 0.00443.3 |
Formulate pricing policies for merchandise, according to profitability requirements.41-1011.00 | 0.00162.3 | —0 |
Monitor sales activities to ensure that customers receive satisfactory service and quality goods. | —0 | 0.048035.8 |
| Not observed on any surface — 12 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Assign employees to specific duties. | —0 | —0 |
Inventory stock and reorder when inventory drops to a specified level. | —0 | —0 |
Enforce safety, health, and security rules. | —0 | —0 |
Examine products purchased for resale or received for storage to assess the condition of each product or item. | —0 | —0 |
Hire, train, and evaluate personnel in sales or marketing establishments, promoting or firing workers when appropriate. | —0 | —0 |
Perform work activities of subordinates, such as cleaning and organizing shelves and displays and selling merchandise. | —0 | —0 |
Establish and implement policies, goals, objectives, and procedures for their department. | —0 | —0 |
Plan and prepare work schedules and keep records of employees' work schedules and time cards. | —0 | —0 |
Review inventory and sales records to prepare reports for management and budget departments. | —0 | —0 |
Plan budgets and authorize payments and merchandise returns. | —0 | —0 |
Keep records of purchases, sales, and requisitions. | —0 | —0 |
Estimate consumer demand and determine the types and amounts of goods to be sold. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Plan and prepare work schedules and keep records of employees' work schedules and time cards.O*NET Task ID 672 | 1.0 |
Establish credit policies and operating procedures.O*NET Task ID 676 | 1.0 |
Provide customer service by greeting and assisting customers and responding to customer inquiries and complaints.O*NET Task ID 657 | 0.5 |
Monitor sales activities to ensure that customers receive satisfactory service and quality goods.O*NET Task ID 658 | 0.5 |
Assign employees to specific duties.O*NET Task ID 659 | 0.5 |
Direct and supervise employees engaged in sales, inventory-taking, reconciling cash receipts, or in performing services for customers.O*NET Task ID 660 | 0.5 |
Inventory stock and reorder when inventory drops to a specified level.O*NET Task ID 661 | 0.5 |
Keep records of purchases, sales, and requisitions.O*NET Task ID 662 | 0.5 |
Examine products purchased for resale or received for storage to assess the condition of each product or item.O*NET Task ID 664 | 0.5 |
Hire, train, and evaluate personnel in sales or marketing establishments, promoting or firing workers when appropriate.O*NET Task ID 665 | 0.5 |
Establish and implement policies, goals, objectives, and procedures for the department.O*NET Task ID 667 | 0.5 |
Instruct staff on how to handle difficult and complicated sales.O*NET Task ID 668 | 0.5 |
Formulate pricing policies for merchandise, according to profitability requirements.O*NET Task ID 669 | 0.5 |
Estimate consumer demand and determine the types and amounts of goods to be sold.O*NET Task ID 670 | 0.5 |
Examine merchandise to ensure that it is correctly priced and displayed and that it functions as advertised.O*NET Task ID 671 | 0.5 |
Review inventory and sales records to prepare reports for management and budget departments.O*NET Task ID 673 | 0.5 |
Plan and coordinate advertising campaigns and sales promotions and prepare merchandise displays and advertising copy.O*NET Task ID 674 | 0.5 |
Confer with company officials to develop methods and procedures to increase sales, expand markets, and promote business.O*NET Task ID 675 | 0.5 |
Plan budgets and authorize payments and merchandise returns.O*NET Task ID 677 | 0.5 |
Enforce safety, health, and security rules.O*NET Task ID 663 | 0.0 |
Perform work activities of subordinates, such as cleaning and organizing shelves and displays and selling merchandise.O*NET Task ID 666 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (21)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Provide customer service by greeting and assisting customers and responding to customer inquiries and complaints. | Core |
| Monitor sales activities to ensure that customers receive satisfactory service and quality goods. | Core |
| Assign employees to specific duties. | Core |
| Direct and supervise employees engaged in sales, inventory-taking, reconciling cash receipts, or in performing services for customers. | Core |
| Inventory stock and reorder when inventory drops to a specified level. | Core |
| Keep records of purchases, sales, and requisitions. | Core |
| Enforce safety, health, and security rules. | Core |
| Examine products purchased for resale or received for storage to assess the condition of each product or item. | Core |
| Perform work activities of subordinates, such as cleaning and organizing shelves and displays and selling merchandise. | Core |
| Establish and implement policies, goals, objectives, and procedures for the department. | Core |
| Instruct staff on how to handle difficult and complicated sales. | Core |
| Estimate consumer demand and determine the types and amounts of goods to be sold. | Core |
| Examine merchandise to ensure that it is correctly priced and displayed and that it functions as advertised. | Core |
| Plan and prepare work schedules and keep records of employees' work schedules and time cards. | Core |
| Review inventory and sales records to prepare reports for management and budget departments. | Core |
| Confer with company officials to develop methods and procedures to increase sales, expand markets, and promote business. | Core |
| Hire, train, and evaluate personnel in sales or marketing establishments, promoting or firing workers when appropriate. | Supplemental |
| Formulate pricing policies for merchandise, according to profitability requirements. | Supplemental |
| Plan and coordinate advertising campaigns and sales promotions and prepare merchandise displays and advertising copy. | Supplemental |
| Establish credit policies and operating procedures. | Supplemental |
| Plan budgets and authorize payments and merchandise returns. | Supplemental |
0.23/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Inventory stock and reorder when inventory drops to a specified level. | E2 structured facilities |
| Examine products purchased for resale or received for storage to assess the condition of each product or item. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Perform work activities of subordinates, such as cleaning and organizing shelves and displays and selling merchandise. | E0 none |
| Examine merchandise to ensure that it is correctly priced and displayed and that it functions as advertised. | E2 structured facilities |
| Plan and coordinate advertising campaigns and sales promotions and prepare merchandise displays and advertising copy. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 1.4M
- Projected employment, 2035
- 1.4M
- Change (2025–35)
- -3.7%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $48,520
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 52112 | 소규모 상점 일선 관리 종사원 | Same scope | confirmed |
| 52111 | 소규모 상점 경영자 | Overlapping, not the same | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 5222Shop Supervisors
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- clothing shop managerESCO 1420.4.10Same scope
Clothing shop managers assume responsibility for activities and staff in specialised shops.
- textile shop managerESCO 1420.4.41Same scope
Textile shop managers assume responsibility for activities and staff in specialised shops.
- shop managerESCO 1420.4This occupation is narrower
Shop managers are responsible for activities and staff in specialised shops.
- shop supervisorESCO 5222.1This occupation is narrower
Shop supervisors are responsible for the smooth operation of stores according to regulations and company policy. They oversee business activities such budgets, inventory and customer service. Shop supervisors also monitor employees' performance and ensure that goals are being met.
- ammunition shop managerESCO 1420.4.1This occupation is broader
Ammunition shop managers are responsible for activities and staff in specialised shops.
- antique shop managerESCO 1420.4.2This occupation is broader
Antique shop managers assume responsibility for activities and staff in specialised shops.
- beverages shop managerESCO 1420.4.6This occupation is broader
Beverages shop managers assume responsibility for activities and staff in specialised shops.
- building materials shop managerESCO 1420.4.9This occupation is broader
Building materials shop managers assume responsibility for activities and staff in specialised shops.
- computer shop managerESCO 1420.4.11This occupation is broader
Computer shop managers assume responsibility for activities and staff in specialised shops.
- computer software and multimedia shop managerESCO 1420.4.12This occupation is broader
Computer software and multimedia shop managers assume responsibility for activities and staff in specialised shops.
- confectionery shop managerESCO 1420.4.13This occupation is broader
Confectionery shop managers assume responsibility for activities and staff in specialised shops for confectionery e.g. pastries, candy, and chocolate.
- cosmetics and perfume shop managerESCO 1420.4.14This occupation is broader
Cosmetics and perfume shop managers assume responsibility for staff and activities in a drugstore. They manage employees, monitor the sales of the store, manage budgets and order supplies when a product is out of supply and perform administrative duties if required. They sell cosmetics, perfume, medicines and miscellaneous items.
+26 more
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| D1301 | Gérant / Gérante de magasin d'alimentation générale | This occupation is broader |
| D1302 | Responsable de boutique | This occupation is broader |
| D1305 | Responsable de magasin cycles | This occupation is broader |
| D1437 | Gérant / Gérante de négoce automobile | This occupation is broader |
| D1502 | Chef / Cheffe de rayon produits alimentaires | This occupation is broader |
| D1503 | Chef / Cheffe de rayon de produits non alimentaires | This occupation is broader |
| D1510 | Chef / Cheffe de secteur magasin | This occupation is broader |
| D1513 | Chef / Cheffe de rayon produits frais | This occupation is broader |
| D1238 | Chef / Cheffe d'agence de location de véhicules | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| D1252 | Chef / Cheffe d'équipe de vente en pièces de rechange et d'accessoires de véhicules | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| D1303 | Responsable de station-service | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| D1508 | Responsable de caisses | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| D1509 | Responsable de département en grande distribution | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| D1504 | Directeur / Directrice de magasin de grande distribution | Related, not a match |
| D1517 | Chef / Cheffe de secteur distribution | Related, not a match |
| G1807 | Gérant / Gérante de bar-tabac | Related, not a match |
| I1115 | Responsable de site(s) de vente et de réparation cycles | Related, not a match |
| D1243 | Acheteur vendeur / Acheteuse vendeuse en dépôt-vente | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| I1118 | Responsable de site SMAVA (service multimarques de l'après-vente automobile) | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 5210 | Jefes de sección de tiendas y almacenes | Same scopeprovisional |
| 1432 | Directores y gerentes de empresas de comercio al por menor | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 62193 | Aufsichtskräfte - Verkauf | Same scope |
| 62103 | Berufe im Verkauf (ohne Produktspezialisierung) - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 61203 | Kaufleute im Handel (ohne Spezialisierung) - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
| 62194 | Führungskräfte - Verkauf | Related, not a match |
| 12293 | Aufsichtskräfte - Floristik | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 12294 | Führungskräfte - Floristik | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 62513 | Berufe im Buchhandel - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 321 | 小売店主・店長 | Overlapping, not the same |
| 323 | 販売店員 | Related, not a match |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources