First-Line Supervisors of Non-Retail Sales Workers
Sales and Related Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 41-1012.00
Directly supervise and coordinate activities of sales workers other than retail sales workers. May perform duties such as budgeting, accounting, and personnel work, in addition to supervisory duties.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.230
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.35–0.63· 9 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 2433Technical and Medical Sales Professionals (excluding ICT)0.50
- ISCO-08 2434Information and Communications Technology Sales Professionals0.51
- ISCO-08 3311Securities and Finance Dealers and Brokers0.63
- ISCO-08 3321Insurance Representatives0.53
- ISCO-08 3322Commercial Sales Representatives0.49
- ISCO-08 3324Trade Brokers0.44
- ISCO-08 3334Real Estate Agents and Property Managers0.35
- ISCO-08 3339Business Services Agents Not Elsewhere Classified0.44
- ISCO-08 4221Travel Consultants and Clerks0.56
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only18 rated tasks · 17 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (94.4%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Listen to and resolve customer complaints regarding services, products, or personnel.41-1012.00 | 0.018457.1 | 0.108868.3 |
Confer with company officials to develop methods and procedures to increase sales, expand markets, and promote business.41-1012.00 | 0.009630.0 | 0.00593.7 |
Prepare rental or lease agreements, specifying charges and payment procedures for use of machinery, tools, or other items.41-1012.00 | 0.00247.4 | —0 |
Provide staff with assistance in performing difficult or complicated duties.41-1012.00 | 0.00185.5 | —0 |
Monitor sales staff performance to ensure that goals are met. | —0 | 0.035922.5 |
Examine merchandise to ensure correct pricing and display, and that it functions as advertised. | —0 | 0.00875.4 |
| Not observed on any surface — 12 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Hire, train, and evaluate personnel. | —0 | —0 |
Plan and prepare work schedules, and assign employees to specific duties. | —0 | —0 |
Attend company meetings to exchange product information and coordinate work activities with other departments. | —0 | —0 |
Prepare sales and inventory reports for management and budget departments. | —0 | —0 |
Formulate pricing policies on merchandise according to profitability requirements. | —0 | —0 |
Analyze details of sales territories to assess their growth potential and to set quotas. | —0 | —0 |
Visit retailers and sales representatives to promote products and gather information. | —0 | —0 |
Direct and supervise employees engaged in sales, inventory-taking, reconciling cash receipts, or performing specific services. | —0 | —0 |
Keep records pertaining to purchases, sales, and requisitions. | —0 | —0 |
Coordinate sales promotion activities, such as preparing merchandise displays and advertising copy. | —0 | —0 |
Inventory stock and reorder when inventories drop to specified levels. | —0 | —0 |
Examine products purchased for resale or received for storage to determine product condition. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Keep records pertaining to purchases, sales, and requisitions.O*NET Task ID 9673 | 1.0 |
Prepare rental or lease agreements, specifying charges and payment procedures for use of machinery, tools, or other items.O*NET Task ID 9675 | 1.0 |
Listen to and resolve customer complaints regarding services, products, or personnel.O*NET Task ID 9660 | 0.5 |
Monitor sales staff performance to ensure that goals are met.O*NET Task ID 9661 | 0.5 |
Hire, train, and evaluate personnel.O*NET Task ID 9662 | 0.5 |
Confer with company officials to develop methods and procedures to increase sales, expand markets, and promote business.O*NET Task ID 9663 | 0.5 |
Provide staff with assistance in performing difficult or complicated duties.O*NET Task ID 9665 | 0.5 |
Plan and prepare work schedules, and assign employees to specific duties.O*NET Task ID 9666 | 0.5 |
Attend company meetings to exchange product information and coordinate work activities with other departments.O*NET Task ID 9667 | 0.5 |
Prepare sales and inventory reports for management and budget departments.O*NET Task ID 9668 | 0.5 |
Formulate pricing policies on merchandise according to profitability requirements.O*NET Task ID 9669 | 0.5 |
Examine merchandise to ensure correct pricing and display, and that it functions as advertised.O*NET Task ID 9670 | 0.5 |
Analyze details of sales territories to assess their growth potential and to set quotas.O*NET Task ID 9671 | 0.5 |
Coordinate sales promotion activities, such as preparing merchandise displays and advertising copy.O*NET Task ID 9674 | 0.5 |
Inventory stock and reorder when inventories drop to specified levels.O*NET Task ID 9676 | 0.5 |
Examine products purchased for resale or received for storage to determine product condition.O*NET Task ID 9677 | 0.5 |
Direct and supervise employees engaged in sales, inventory-taking, reconciling cash receipts, or performing specific services.O*NET Task ID 20266 | 0.5 |
Visit retailers and sales representatives to promote products and gather information.O*NET Task ID 9672 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (18)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Listen to and resolve customer complaints regarding services, products, or personnel. | Core |
| Monitor sales staff performance to ensure that goals are met. | Core |
| Hire, train, and evaluate personnel. | Core |
| Confer with company officials to develop methods and procedures to increase sales, expand markets, and promote business. | Core |
| Provide staff with assistance in performing difficult or complicated duties. | Core |
| Plan and prepare work schedules, and assign employees to specific duties. | Core |
| Attend company meetings to exchange product information and coordinate work activities with other departments. | Core |
| Keep records pertaining to purchases, sales, and requisitions. | Core |
| Direct and supervise employees engaged in sales, inventory-taking, reconciling cash receipts, or performing specific services. | Core |
| Prepare sales and inventory reports for management and budget departments. | Supplemental |
| Formulate pricing policies on merchandise according to profitability requirements. | Supplemental |
| Examine merchandise to ensure correct pricing and display, and that it functions as advertised. | Supplemental |
| Analyze details of sales territories to assess their growth potential and to set quotas. | Supplemental |
| Visit retailers and sales representatives to promote products and gather information. | Supplemental |
| Coordinate sales promotion activities, such as preparing merchandise displays and advertising copy. | Supplemental |
| Prepare rental or lease agreements, specifying charges and payment procedures for use of machinery, tools, or other items. | Supplemental |
| Inventory stock and reorder when inventories drop to specified levels. | Supplemental |
| Examine products purchased for resale or received for storage to determine product condition. | Supplemental |
0.03/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Examine merchandise to ensure correct pricing and display, and that it functions as advertised. | E2 structured facilities |
| Examine products purchased for resale or received for storage to determine product condition. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 312K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 314K
- Change (2025–35)
- +0.5%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $87,520
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 15111 | 영업 관련 관리자 | Overlapping, not the same | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2433Technical and Medical Sales Professionals (excluding ICT)
- ISCO-08 2434Information and Communications Technology Sales Professionals
- ISCO-08 3311Securities and Finance Dealers and Brokers
- ISCO-08 3321Insurance Representatives
- ISCO-08 3322Commercial Sales Representatives
- ISCO-08 3324Trade Brokers
- ISCO-08 3334Real Estate Agents and Property Managers
- ISCO-08 3339Business Services Agents Not Elsewhere Classified
- ISCO-08 4221Travel Consultants and Clerks
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- shop supervisorESCO 5222.1This occupation is narrower
Shop supervisors are responsible for the smooth operation of stores according to regulations and company policy. They oversee business activities such budgets, inventory and customer service. Shop supervisors also monitor employees' performance and ensure that goals are being met.
- bookshop managerESCO 1420.4.8This occupation is broader
Bookshop managers assume responsibility for activities and staff in this specialised store.
- press and stationery shop managerESCO 1420.4.36This occupation is broader
Press and stationery shop managers assume responsibility for the activities and staff in specialised shops.
- second-hand shop managerESCO 1420.4.37This occupation is broader
Second-hand shop managers assume responsibility for activities and staff in specialised shops.
- shoe and leather accessories shop managerESCO 1420.4.38This occupation is broader
Shoe and leather accessories shop managers assume responsibility for activities and staff in specialised shops.
- sporting and outdoor accessories shop managerESCO 1420.4.39This occupation is broader
Sporting accessories shop managers assume responsibility for the activities and staff in specialised shops. They manage employees, monitor the sales of the store, manage budgets and order supplies when a product is out of supply and perform administrative duties if required.
- supermarket managerESCO 1420.5This occupation is broader
Supermarket managers are responsible for activities and staff in a supermarket.
- shop managerESCO 1420.4Overlapping, not the same
Shop managers are responsible for activities and staff in specialised shops.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| G1304 | Responsable d'agence de voyages | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| D1417 | Chef / Cheffe des ventes | Overlapping, not the same |
| D1435 | Responsable de plateau de centre d'appels | Overlapping, not the same |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 3510 | Agentes y representantes comerciales | Related, not a match |
| 5210 | Jefes de sección de tiendas y almacenes | Related, not a match |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 61194 | Führungskräfte - Einkauf und Vertrieb | Related, not a match |
| 61203 | Kaufleute im Handel (ohne Spezialisierung) - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
| 92193 | Aufsichtskräfte - Werbung und Marketing | Related, not a match |
| 92123 | Berufe im Dialogmarketing - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 322 | 卸売店主・店長 | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 349 | その他の営業職業従事者 | Related, not a match |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources