Billing and Posting Clerks

Office and Administrative Support Occupations

O*NET-SOC code: 43-3021.00

Compile, compute, and record billing, accounting, statistical, and other numerical data for billing purposes. Prepare billing invoices for services rendered or for delivery or shipment of goods.

Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery high
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
Source dataset (XLSX download)
Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.192
0.000Range of values carried here0.745
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
Source dataset (CSV download)
Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.64
0.09Range of values carried here0.70
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
Source dataset (PDF download)

What kind of figure this source publishes

The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.

Task-level exposure

Exposed tasks only

30 rated tasks · 26 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (86.7%)

β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.

Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
4 rated tasks are not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; their scores are kept as published for O*NET 27.2.

Source: OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
Release: gh-main-0471612
License: MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI

Tasks of O*NET-SOC 2010 occupations 43-3021.01 Statement Clerks; 43-3021.02 Billing, Cost, and Rate Clerks, linked to this occupation by the O*NET-SOC 2010 to 2019 crosswalk

Task (O*NET 20.1)	Claude.aiRaw / share %	APIRaw / share %
Estimate market value of products or services. 43-3021.02	0.006628.2	0.00232.6
Prepare itemized statements, bills, or invoices and record amounts due for items purchased or services rendered. 43-3021.02	0.006126.0	0.031836.0
Resolve discrepancies in accounting records. 43-3021.02	0.003715.9	0.00495.5
Monitor equipment to ensure proper operation. 43-3021.01	0.00197.9	0.016218.4
Consult sources such as rate books, manuals, or insurance company representatives to determine specific charges or information such as rules, regulations, or government tax and tariff information. 43-3021.02	0.00197.9	0.00333.7
Verify accuracy of billing data and revise any errors. 43-3021.02	0.00187.5	—0
Review documents such as purchase orders, sales tickets, charge slips, or hospital records to compute fees or charges due. 43-3021.02	0.00166.6	0.022125.1
Contact customers to obtain or relay account information.	—0	0.00536.0
Compare previously prepared bank statements with canceled checks and reconcile discrepancies.	—0	0.00232.6
Not observed on any surface — 21 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states.
Verify signatures and required information on checks.	—0	—0
Post stop-payment notices to prevent payment of protested checks.	—0	—0
Retrieve checks returned to customers in error, adjusting customer accounts and answering inquiries about errors as necessary.	—0	—0
Route statements for mailing or over-the-counter delivery to customers.	—0	—0
Fix minor problems, such as equipment jams, and notify repair personnel of major equipment problems.	—0	—0
Encode and cancel checks, using bank machines.	—0	—0
Take orders for imprinted checks.	—0	—0
Maintain files of canceled checks and customers' signatures.	—0	—0
Match statements with batches of canceled checks by account numbers.	—0	—0
Weigh envelopes containing statements to determine correct postage and affix postage, using stamps or metering equipment.	—0	—0
Load machines with statements, cancelled checks, or envelopes to prepare statements for distribution to customers or stuff envelopes by hand.	—0	—0
Operate typing, adding, calculating, or billing machines.	—0	—0
Perform bookkeeping work, including posting data or keeping other records concerning costs of goods or services or the shipment of goods.	—0	—0
Keep records of invoices and support documents.	—0	—0
Type billing documents, shipping labels, credit memorandums, or credit forms, using typewriters or computers.	—0	—0
Answer mail or telephone inquiries regarding rates, routing, or procedures.	—0	—0
Compute credit terms, discounts, shipment charges, or rates for goods or services to complete billing documents.	—0	—0
Track accumulated hours and dollar amounts charged to each client job to calculate client fees for professional services, such as legal or accounting services.	—0	—0
Review compiled data on operating costs and revenues to set rates.	—0	—0
Compile reports of cost factors, such as labor, production, storage, or equipment.	—0	—0
Update manuals when rates, rules, or regulations are amended.	—0	—0

Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.

Task (O*NET 27.2)	βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Post stop-payment notices to prevent payment of protested checks. O*NET Task ID 23237	1.0
Verify accuracy of billing data and revise any errors. O*NET Task ID 23238	1.0
Prepare itemized statements, bills, or invoices and record amounts due for items purchased or services rendered. O*NET Task ID 23240	1.0
Perform bookkeeping work, including posting data or keeping other records concerning costs of goods or services or the shipment of goods. O*NET Task ID 23241	1.0
Operate typing, adding, calculating, or billing machines. O*NET Task ID 23242	1.0
Resolve discrepancies in accounting records. O*NET Task ID 23243	1.0
Review documents, such as purchase orders, sales tickets, charge slips, or hospital records, to compute fees or charges due. O*NET Task ID 23245	1.0
Keep records of invoices and support documents. O*NET Task ID 23246	1.0
Route statements for mailing or over-the-counter delivery to customers. O*NET Task ID 23247	1.0
Compare previously prepared bank statements with canceled checks and reconcile discrepancies. O*NET Task ID 23251	1.0
Match statements with batches of canceled checks by account numbers. O*NET Task ID 23252	1.0
Take orders for imprinted checks. O*NET Task ID 23253	1.0
Encode and cancel checks, using bank machines. O*NET Task ID 23254	1.0
Consult sources, such as rate books, manuals, or insurance company representatives, to determine specific charges or information such as rules, regulations, or government tax and tariff information. O*NET Task ID 23255	1.0
Track accumulated hours and dollar amounts charged to each client job to calculate client fees for professional services, such as legal or accounting services. O*NET Task ID 23256	1.0
Update manuals when rates, rules, or regulations are amended. O*NET Task ID 23257	1.0
Compute credit terms, discounts, shipment charges, or rates for goods or services to complete billing documents. O*NET Task ID 23258	1.0
Answer inquiries regarding rates, routing, or procedures. O*NET Task ID 23262	1.0
Compile reports of cost factors, such as labor, production, storage, and equipment. O*NET Task ID 23263	1.0
Create billing documents, shipping labels, credit memorandums, or credit forms. O*NET Task ID 23264	1.0
Return checks to customers or retrieve checks returned to customers in error, adjusting accounts and answering inquiries about errors as necessary. O*NET Task ID 23266	1.0
Verify signatures and required information on checks. O*NET Task ID 23239	0.5
Contact customers to obtain or relay account information. O*NET Task ID 23244	0.5
Review compiled data on operating costs and revenues to set rates. O*NET Task ID 23260	0.5
Estimate market value of products or services. O*NET Task ID 23261	0.5
Perform general administrative tasks, such as answering telephones, scheduling appointments, and ordering supplies or equipment. O*NET Task ID 23265	0.5
Show 16 more tasks ▾Show less ▴
Monitor equipment to ensure proper operation. O*NET Task ID 23248	0.0
Fix minor problems, such as equipment jams, and notify repair personnel of major equipment problems. O*NET Task ID 23249	0.0
Weigh envelopes containing statements to determine correct postage and affix postage, using stamps or metering equipment. O*NET Task ID 23250	0.0
Load machines with statements, cancelled checks, or envelopes to prepare statements for distribution to customers or stuff envelopes by hand. O*NET Task ID 23259	0.0

β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

All O*NET 31.0 task statements (26)

All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.

Task (O*NET 31.0)	Type
Verify accuracy of billing data and revise any errors.	Core
Prepare itemized statements, bills, or invoices and record amounts due for items purchased or services rendered.	Core
Operate typing, adding, calculating, or billing machines.	Core
Contact customers to obtain or relay account information.	Core
Keep records of invoices and support documents.	Core
Create billing documents, shipping labels, credit memorandums, or credit forms.	Core
Perform general administrative tasks, such as answering telephones, scheduling appointments, and ordering supplies or equipment.	Core
Post stop-payment notices to prevent payment of protested checks.	Supplemental
Verify signatures and required information on checks.	Supplemental
Perform bookkeeping work, including posting data or keeping other records concerning costs of goods or services or the shipment of goods.	Supplemental
Resolve discrepancies in accounting records.	Supplemental
Review documents, such as purchase orders, sales tickets, charge slips, or hospital records, to compute fees or charges due.	Supplemental
Route statements for mailing or over-the-counter delivery to customers.	Supplemental
Monitor equipment to ensure proper operation.	Supplemental
Fix minor problems, such as equipment jams, and notify repair personnel of major equipment problems.	Supplemental
Weigh envelopes containing statements to determine correct postage and affix postage, using stamps or metering equipment.	Supplemental
Compare previously prepared bank statements with canceled checks and reconcile discrepancies.	Supplemental
Consult sources, such as rate books, manuals, or insurance company representatives, to determine specific charges or information such as rules, regulations, or government tax and tariff information.	Supplemental
Track accumulated hours and dollar amounts charged to each client job to calculate client fees for professional services, such as legal or accounting services.	Supplemental
Update manuals when rates, rules, or regulations are amended.	Supplemental
Compute credit terms, discounts, shipment charges, or rates for goods or services to complete billing documents.	Supplemental
Load machines with statements, cancelled checks, or envelopes to prepare statements for distribution to customers or stuff envelopes by hand.	Supplemental
Review compiled data on operating costs and revenues to set rates.	Supplemental
Answer inquiries regarding rates, routing, or procedures.	Supplemental
Compile reports of cost factors, such as labor, production, storage, and equipment.	Supplemental
Return checks to customers or retrieve checks returned to customers in error, adjusting accounts and answering inquiries about errors as necessary.	Supplemental

Anthropic, "What work can robots do?"2026-09

0.09/ 3· Robot exposure index

0 none3 unstructured settings

Scale, basis and source

Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time

Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks

Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.

Source dataset

The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.

Tier of each physical task

Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)

E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site

Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.

Task (O*NET 29.3)	Robot environment tier
Route statements for mailing or over-the-counter delivery to customers.	E1 purpose-built robot settings
Monitor equipment to ensure proper operation.	E1 purpose-built robot settings
Fix minor problems, such as equipment jams, and notify repair personnel of major equipment problems.	E0 none
Weigh envelopes containing statements to determine correct postage and affix postage, using stamps or metering equipment.	E2 structured facilities
Encode and cancel checks, using bank machines.	E2 structured facilities
Load machines with statements, cancelled checks, or envelopes to prepare statements for distribution to customers or stuff envelopes by hand.	E1 purpose-built robot settings

Employment outlook (BLS)

Employment, 2025: 418K
Projected employment, 2035: 418K
Change (2025–35): -0.1%
Median annual wage, 2025: $48,500
Typical education needed for entry: High school diploma or equivalent

lowest $30,890median wage across 825 detailed occupations, BLS EP 2025–35highest $559,030

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — Employment by detailed occupation, 2025 and projected 2035

Korea classification links (KSCO)

Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.

KSCO code	KSCO title	Relation	Status
33120	경리 사무원	This occupation is narrower	confirmed

Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)

ILO occupational description

AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.

ISCO-08 4311Accounting and Bookkeeping Clerks

The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.

Accounting and bookkeeping clerks compute, classify and record numerical data to keep financial records complete. They perform any combination of routine calculating, posting and verifying duties to obtain primary financial data for use in maintaining accounting records.

Tasks

(a) checking figures, postings and documents for correct entry, mathematical accuracy and proper codes;
(b) operating computers programmed with accounting software to record, store and analyse information;
(c) classifying, recording and summarizing numerical and financial data to compile and keep financial records, using journals and ledgers or computers;
(d) calculating, preparing and issuing bills, invoices, account statements and other financial statements according to established procedures.
(e) compiling statistical, financial, accounting or auditing reports and tables pertaining to such matters as cash receipts, expenditures, accounts payable and receivable, and profits and losses.

Example occupations

Accounts clerk · Bookkeeping clerk · Cost computing clerk

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO occupational vocabulary

Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.

billing clerkESCO 4311.1Same scope
Billing clerks create invoices and credit memos, issuing them to customers by all necessary means, and updating customer files. They issue invoices to customers and monthly customer statements, update customer files, process credit memos, enter and submit invoices, etc.
accounting assistantESCO 3313.1Overlapping, not the same
Accounting assistants record and report ticketing accounting situations to the accountant they work with, verify deposits and prepare daily reports and income. They arrange authorised refund vouchers, maintain the returned check accounts and communicate with ticketing managers concerning any ticketing systems issues.
bookkeeperESCO 3313.2Overlapping, not the same
Bookkeepers record and assemble the day-to-day financial transactions of an organisation or company, consisting usually of sales, purchases, payments and receipts. They ensure all financial transactions are documented in the appropriate (day) book and general ledger, and that they are balanced out. Bookkeepers prepare the recorded books and ledgers with financial transactions for an accountant to then analyse balance sheets and income statements.

Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

View original

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

France classification links (ROME)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.

ROME code	ROME title (French)	Relation
M1611	Secrétaire Facturier / Facturière	Overlapping, not the sameprovisional
M1213	Assistant / Assistante comptable	Related, not a matchprovisional
M1225	Aide-comptable	Related, not a matchprovisional

Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.

ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)

Spain classification links (CNO-11)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

CNO-11 code	CNO-11 title (Spanish)	Relation
4111	Empleados de contabilidad	This occupation is narrowerprovisional

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)

Germany classification links (KldB)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

KldB code	KldB title (German)	Relation
72212	Berufe in der Buchhaltung - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten	This occupation is narrowerprovisional
61122	Berufe im Vertrieb (außer Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten	Related, not a matchprovisional

Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)

Japan classification links (JSCO)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

JSCO code	JSCO title (Japanese)	Relation
263	経理事務員	This occupation is narrower
281	営業・販売事務員	Related, not a match

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)

Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources