Court, Municipal, and License Clerks

Office and Administrative Support Occupations
O*NET-SOC code
43-4031.00

Perform clerical duties for courts of law, municipalities, or governmental licensing agencies and bureaus. May prepare docket of cases to be called; secure information for judges and court; prepare draft agendas or bylaws for town or city council; answer official correspondence; keep fiscal records and accounts; issue licenses or permits; and record data, administer tests, or collect fees.

  • Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08

    Very high· relative

    LowFour relative bandsVery high

    Group-level value

    Scale, basis and source

    Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)

    831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band

    Source dataset (XLSX download)

  • Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03

    0.102

    0.000Range of values carried here0.745
    Scale, basis and source

    Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published

    Mapped onto O*NET tasks

    Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value

    Source dataset (CSV download)

  • Data source: ILOPublished: 2025

    0.43

    0.09Range of values carried here0.70

    Group-level value

    Scale, basis and source

    Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published

    Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published

    Source dataset (PDF download)

What kind of figure this source publishes

The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.

Task-level exposure

Exposed tasks only

30 rated tasks · 29 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (96.7%)

β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.

  • Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
  • 1 rated task is not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; its score is kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
Source
OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
Release
gh-main-0471612
License
MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI

Tasks of O*NET-SOC 2010 occupations 43-4031.01 Court Clerks; 43-4031.02 Municipal Clerks; 43-4031.03 License Clerks, linked to this occupation by the O*NET-SOC 2010 to 2019 crosswalk

Task (O*NET 20.1)Claude.aiRaw / share %
Explain procedures or forms to parties in cases or to the general public.

43-4031.01

0.055533.2
Examine legal documents submitted to courts for adherence to laws or court procedures.

43-4031.01

0.01599.5
Answer inquiries from the general public regarding judicial procedures, court appearances, trial dates, adjournments, outstanding warrants, summonses, subpoenas, witness fees, or payment of fines.

43-4031.01

0.01418.4
Conduct and score oral, visual, written, or performance tests to determine applicant qualifications and notify applicants of their scores.

43-4031.03

0.00945.6
Respond to requests for information from the public, other municipalities, state officials, or state and federal legislative offices.

43-4031.02

0.00824.9
Verify the authenticity of documents, such as foreign identification or immigration documents.

43-4031.03

0.00814.8
Prepare meeting agendas or packets of related information.

43-4031.02

0.00794.8
Collaborate with other staff to assist in the development and implementation of goals, objectives, policies, or priorities.

43-4031.02

0.00784.7
Prepare documents recording the outcomes of court proceedings.

43-4031.01

0.00684.1
Process claims against the municipality, maintaining files and log of claims, and coordinate claim response and handling with municipal claims administrators.

43-4031.02

0.00633.7
Answer questions or provide advice to the public regarding licensing policies, procedures, or regulations.

43-4031.03

0.00613.7
Participate in the administration of municipal elections, such as preparation or distribution of ballots, appointment or training of election officers, or tabulation or certification of results.

43-4031.02

0.00402.4
Record and maintain all vital and fiscal records and accounts.

43-4031.02

0.00342.0
Prepare ordinances, resolutions, or proclamations so that they can be executed, recorded, archived, or distributed.

43-4031.02

0.00332.0
Prepare and issue orders of the court, such as probation orders, release documentation, sentencing information, or summonses.

43-4031.01

0.00271.6
Inform customers by mail or telephone of additional steps they need to take to obtain licenses.

43-4031.03

0.00271.6
Record and edit the minutes of meetings and distribute to appropriate officials or staff members.

43-4031.02

0.00251.5
Perform general office duties, such as taking or transcribing dictation, typing or proofreading correspondence, distributing or filing official forms, or scheduling appointments.

43-4031.02

0.00231.4
Not observed on any surface — 49 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states.
Prepare dockets or calendars of cases to be called, using typewriters or computers.
—0
Record case dispositions, court orders, or arrangements made for payment of court fees.
—0
Instruct parties about timing of court appearances.
—0
Search files and contact witnesses, attorneys, or litigants to obtain information for the court.
—0
Perform administrative tasks, such as answering telephone calls, filing court documents, or maintaining office supplies or equipment.
—0
Follow procedures to secure courtrooms or exhibits, such as money, drugs, or weapons.
—0
Amend indictments when necessary and endorse indictments with pertinent information.
—0
Read charges and related information to the court and, if necessary, record defendants' pleas.
—0
Swear in jury members, interpreters, witnesses, or defendants.
—0
Collect court fees or fines and record amounts collected.
—0
Direct support staff in handling of paperwork processed by clerks' offices.
—0
Prepare and mark applicable court exhibits or evidence.
—0
Record court proceedings, using recording equipment, or record minutes of court proceedings, using stenotype machines or shorthand.
—0
Prepare courtrooms with paper, pens, water, easels, or electronic equipment and ensure that recording equipment is working.
—0
Conduct roll calls and poll jurors.
—0
Open courts, calling them to order, and announcing judges.
—0
Meet with judges, lawyers, parole officers, police, or social agency officials to coordinate the functions of the court.
—0
Prepare staff schedules.
—0
Plan and direct the maintenance, filing, safekeeping, and computerization of all municipal documents.
—0
Issue public notification of all official activities or meetings.
—0
Maintain and update documents, such as municipal codes or city charters.
—0
Perform budgeting duties, such as assisting in budget preparation, expenditure review, or budget administration.
—0
Coordinate or maintain office tracking systems for correspondence or follow-up actions.
—0
Research information in the municipal archives upon request of public officials or private citizens.
—0
Perform contract administration duties, assisting with bid openings or the awarding of contracts.
—0
Issue various permits and licenses, such as marriage, fishing, hunting, or dog licenses, and collect appropriate fees.
—0
Represent municipalities at community events or serve as liaisons on community committees.
—0
Serve as a notary of the public.
—0
Provide assistance to persons with disabilities in reaching less accessible areas of municipal facilities.
—0
Develop or conduct orientation programs for candidates for political office.
—0
Provide assistance with events, such as police department auctions of abandoned automobiles.
—0
Prepare reports on civic needs.
—0
Collect prescribed fees for licenses.
—0
Code information on license applications for entry into computers.
—0
Evaluate information on applications to verify completeness and accuracy and to determine whether applicants are qualified to obtain desired licenses.
—0
Maintain records of applications made or licensing fees collected.
—0
Question applicants to obtain required information, such as name, address, or age, and record data on prescribed forms.
—0
Update operational records or licensing information, using computer terminals.
—0
Perform routine data entry or other office support activities, including creating, sorting, photocopying, distributing, or filing documents.
—0
Perform record checks on past or current licensees, as required by investigations.
—0
Train other workers or coordinate their work, as necessary.
—0
Stock counters with adequate supplies of forms, film, licenses, or other required materials.
—0
Assemble photographs with printed license information to produce completed documents.
—0
Prepare bank deposits and take deposits to banks.
—0
Operate specialized photographic equipment to obtain photographs for drivers' licenses or photo identification cards.
—0
Instruct customers in the completion of driver's license application forms or other forms, such as voter registration cards or organ donor forms.
—0
Respond to correspondence from insurance companies regarding the licensure of agents, brokers, or adjusters.
—0
Prepare lists of overdue accounts, license suspensions, or issuances.
—0
Mail driver's licenses to out-of-county or out-of-state applicants.
—0

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

All O*NET 31.0 task statements (29)

All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.

Task (O*NET 31.0)Type
Question applicants to obtain required information, such as name, address, or age, and record data on prescribed forms.Core
Record case dispositions, court orders, or arrangements made for payment of court fees.Core
Examine legal documents submitted to courts for adherence to laws or court procedures.Core
Perform general office duties, such as taking or transcribing dictation, typing or proofreading correspondence, distributing or filing official forms, or scheduling appointments.Core
Perform administrative tasks, such as answering telephone calls, filing court documents, or maintaining office supplies or equipment.Core
Respond to requests for information from the public, other municipalities, state officials, or state and federal legislative offices.Core
Coordinate or maintain office tracking systems for correspondence or follow-up actions.Core
Answer inquiries from the general public regarding judicial procedures, court appearances, trial dates, adjournments, outstanding warrants, summonses, subpoenas, witness fees, or payment of fines.Core
Instruct parties about timing of court appearances.Core
Research information in the municipal archives upon request of public officials or private citizens.Core
Plan or direct the maintenance, filing, safekeeping, or computerization of all municipal documents.Core
Evaluate information on applications to verify completeness and accuracy and to determine whether applicants are qualified to obtain desired licenses.Supplemental
Verify the authenticity of documents, such as foreign identification or immigration documents.Supplemental
Record and edit the minutes of meetings and distribute to appropriate officials or staff members.Supplemental
Issue public notification of all official activities or meetings.Supplemental
Record and maintain all vital and fiscal records and accounts.Supplemental
Answer questions or provide advice to the public regarding licensing policies, procedures, or regulations.Supplemental
Prepare meeting agendas or packets of related information.Supplemental
Prepare and issue orders of the court, such as probation orders, release documentation, sentencing information, or summonses.Supplemental
Prepare ordinances, resolutions, or proclamations so that they can be executed, recorded, archived, or distributed.Supplemental
Code information on license applications for entry into computers.Supplemental
Perform budgeting duties, such as assisting in budget preparation, expenditure review, or budget administration.Supplemental
Perform record checks on past or current licensees, as required by investigations.Supplemental
Prepare documents recording the outcomes of court proceedings.Supplemental
Search files and contact witnesses, attorneys, or litigants to obtain information for the court.Supplemental
Train other workers or coordinate their work, as necessary.Supplemental
Perform contract administration duties, assisting with bid openings or the awarding of contracts.Supplemental
Issue various permits and licenses, such as marriage, fishing, hunting, and dog licenses, and collect appropriate fees.Supplemental
Prepare dockets or calendars of cases to be called.Supplemental

Occupation information

Employment outlook (BLS)

Employment, 2025
187K
Projected employment, 2035
193K
Change (2025–35)
+3.4%
Median annual wage, 2025
$48,700
Typical education needed for entry
High school diploma or equivalent
lowest $30,890median wage across 825 detailed occupations, BLS EP 2025–35highest $559,030

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — Employment by detailed occupation, 2025 and projected 2035

Korea classification links (KSCO)

Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.

KSCO codeKSCO titleRelationStatus
35111법무 사무원This occupation is broaderconfirmed
35290그 외 정부 행정 사무원This occupation is broaderconfirmed

Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)

ILO occupational description

AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.

  • ISCO-08 3354Government Licensing Officials

The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.

Government licensing officials examine applications for licences to export or import goods, set up businesses, build houses or other structures, or to obtain passports, determine eligibility of applications for issuing licences or passports, and identify specific conditions or restrictions to be attached to licences issued, referring exceptional or important cases to senior government officials or managers.

Tasks

  • (a) advising individuals on government laws and regulations concerning the type of licence required and the conditions attached to such licences, and on the public's rights and obligations;
  • (b) examining applications and relevant documents and determining whether a licence can be granted and the conditions which should be attached;
  • (c) examining applications and approving the issue of passports;
  • (d) performing related administrative tasks to process applications, document activities, evaluations and determinations, and to prepare correspondence to inform applicants of licensing decisions;
  • (e) administering and scoring tests required to license applicants.

Example occupations

Building permit (licensing) officer · Business permit (licensing) officer · Licensing officer · Passport officer (issuing)

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO occupational vocabulary

Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.

  • court clerkESCO 3411.5This occupation is broader

    Court clerks provide assistance to judges in a court institution. They handle enquiries on court proceedings, and assist judges in various tasks such as performing legal research in preparation of cases or writing opinion pieces. They also contact parties involved in cases and brief judges and other court officials.

  • court administrative officerESCO 3411.3Overlapping, not the same

    Court administrative officers perform administrative and assisting duties for the court and judges. They are designated to accept or reject applications for informal probate and informal appointment of a personal representative. They manage case accounts and handle official documents. Court administrative officers perform assisting duties during a court trial, such as calling out the cases and identification of parties, keeping notes, and recording orders from the judge..

  • court reporterESCO 3343.1.1Overlapping, not the same

    Court reporters type in word processors or any other software each one of the words mentioned in the courtroom. They transcript the hearings that take place in court in order to issue the official hearings of the legal case. They allow that the case can be further studied by the parties in an accurate fashion.

Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

View original

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

France classification links (ROME)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.

ROME codeROME title (French)Relation
K1909Greffier / GreffièreThis occupation is broaderprovisional
K1746Receveur placier / Receveuse placièreRelated, not a match
K1406Secrétaire de mairieRelated, not a matchprovisional
M1602Secrétaire administratif / Secrétaire administrative de collectivité territorialeRelated, not a matchprovisional

Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.

ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)

Spain classification links (CNO-11)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

CNO-11 codeCNO-11 title (Spanish)Relation
3623Profesionales de apoyo de la Administración Pública de servicios de expedición de licenciasOverlapping, not the same
3711Profesionales de apoyo de servicios jurídicos y servicios similaresRelated, not a match

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)

Germany classification links (KldB)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

KldB codeKldB title (German)Relation
73252Berufe in der Justizverwaltung - fachlich ausgerichtete TätigkeitenThis occupation is broader
73202Berufe in der öffentlichen Verwaltung (ohne Spezialisierung) - fachlich ausgerichtete TätigkeitenOverlapping, not the same
73254Berufe in der Justizverwaltung - hoch komplexe TätigkeitenRelated, not a match
73283Berufe in der öffentlichen Verwaltung (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - komplexe SpezialistentätigkeitenRelated, not a match
73282Berufe in der öffentlichen Verwaltung (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - fachlich ausgerichtete TätigkeitenRelated, not a matchprovisional

Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)

Japan classification links (JSCO)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

JSCO codeJSCO title (Japanese)Relation
259その他の一般事務従事者This occupation is narrower
179その他の法務従事者Related, not a match

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)

Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources