Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive
Office and Administrative Support Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 43-6014.00
Perform routine administrative functions such as drafting correspondence, scheduling appointments, organizing and maintaining paper and electronic files, or providing information to callers.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.453
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.58
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only32 rated tasks · 29 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (90.6%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- 1 rated task is not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; its score is kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Create, maintain, and enter information into databases.43-6014.00 | 0.080136.9 |
Conduct searches to find needed information, using such sources as the Internet.43-6014.00 | 0.043119.8 |
Develop or maintain internal or external company Web sites.43-6014.00 | 0.024811.4 |
Use computers for various applications, such as database management or word processing.43-6014.00 | 0.01948.9 |
Compose, type, and distribute meeting notes, routine correspondence, or reports, such as presentations or expense, statistical, or monthly reports.43-6014.00 | 0.01527.0 |
Schedule and confirm appointments for clients, customers, or supervisors.43-6014.00 | 0.01115.1 |
Review work done by others to check for correct spelling and grammar, ensure that company format policies are followed, and recommend revisions.43-6014.00 | 0.01024.7 |
Greet visitors or callers and handle their inquiries or direct them to the appropriate persons according to their needs.43-6014.00 | 0.00653.0 |
Arrange conference, meeting, or travel reservations for office personnel.43-6014.00 | 0.00361.7 |
Collect and deposit money into accounts, disburse funds from cash accounts to pay bills or invoices, keep records of collections and disbursements, and ensure accounts are balanced.43-6014.00 | 0.00331.5 |
| Not observed on any surface — 22 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | |
Answer telephones and give information to callers, take messages, or transfer calls to appropriate individuals. | —0 |
Locate and attach appropriate files to incoming correspondence requiring replies. | —0 |
Open, read, route, and distribute incoming mail or other materials and answer routine letters. | —0 |
Complete forms in accordance with company procedures. | —0 |
Make copies of correspondence or other printed material. | —0 |
Learn to operate new office technologies as they are developed and implemented. | —0 |
Maintain scheduling and event calendars. | —0 |
Manage projects or contribute to committee or team work. | —0 |
Mail newsletters, promotional material, or other information. | —0 |
Order and dispense supplies. | —0 |
Provide services to customers, such as order placement or account information. | —0 |
Operate electronic mail systems and coordinate the flow of information, internally or with other organizations. | —0 |
Set up and manage paper or electronic filing systems, recording information, updating paperwork, or maintaining documents, such as attendance records, correspondence, or other material. | —0 |
Operate office equipment, such as fax machines, copiers, or phone systems and arrange for repairs when equipment malfunctions. | —0 |
Prepare and mail checks. | —0 |
Establish work procedures or schedules and keep track of the daily work of clerical staff. | —0 |
Take dictation in shorthand or by machine and transcribe information. | —0 |
Supervise other clerical staff and provide training and orientation to new staff. | —0 |
Perform payroll functions, such as maintaining timekeeping information and processing and submitting payroll. | —0 |
Coordinate conferences, meetings, or special events, such as luncheons or graduation ceremonies. | —0 |
Train and assist staff with computer usage. | —0 |
Prepare conference or event materials, such as flyers or invitations. | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Open, read, route, and distribute incoming mail or other materials and answer routine letters.O*NET Task ID 2794 | 1.0 |
Complete forms in accordance with company procedures.O*NET Task ID 2795 | 1.0 |
Review work done by others to check for correct spelling and grammar, ensure that company format policies are followed, and recommend revisions.O*NET Task ID 2797 | 1.0 |
Conduct searches to find needed information, using such sources as the Internet.O*NET Task ID 2805 | 1.0 |
Take dictation in shorthand or by machine and transcribe information.O*NET Task ID 2811 | 1.0 |
Use computers for various applications, such as database management or word processing.O*NET Task ID 20280 | 1.0 |
Create, maintain, and enter information into databases.O*NET Task ID 20281 | 1.0 |
Set up and manage paper or electronic filing systems, recording information, updating paperwork, or maintaining documents, such as attendance records, correspondence, or other material.O*NET Task ID 20282 | 1.0 |
Compose, type, and distribute meeting notes, routine correspondence, or reports, such as presentations or expense, statistical, or monthly reports.O*NET Task ID 20284 | 1.0 |
Develop or maintain internal or external company Web sites.O*NET Task ID 20288 | 1.0 |
Train and assist staff with computer usage.O*NET Task ID 20289 | 1.0 |
Answer telephones and give information to callers, take messages, or transfer calls to appropriate individuals.O*NET Task ID 2790 | 0.5 |
Greet visitors or callers and handle their inquiries or direct them to the appropriate persons according to their needs.O*NET Task ID 2791 | 0.5 |
Locate and attach appropriate files to incoming correspondence requiring replies.O*NET Task ID 2793 | 0.5 |
Make copies of correspondence or other printed material.O*NET Task ID 2796 | 0.5 |
Learn to operate new office technologies as they are developed and implemented.O*NET Task ID 2799 | 0.5 |
Maintain scheduling and event calendars.O*NET Task ID 2800 | 0.5 |
Schedule and confirm appointments for clients, customers, or supervisors.O*NET Task ID 2801 | 0.5 |
Manage projects or contribute to committee or team work.O*NET Task ID 2802 | 0.5 |
Mail newsletters, promotional material, or other information.O*NET Task ID 2803 | 0.5 |
Provide services to customers, such as order placement or account information.O*NET Task ID 2806 | 0.5 |
Prepare and mail checks.O*NET Task ID 2808 | 0.5 |
Establish work procedures or schedules and keep track of the daily work of clerical staff.O*NET Task ID 2809 | 0.5 |
Arrange conference, meeting, or travel reservations for office personnel.O*NET Task ID 2812 | 0.5 |
Operate electronic mail systems and coordinate the flow of information, internally or with other organizations.O*NET Task ID 2813 | 0.5 |
Perform payroll functions, such as maintaining timekeeping information and processing and submitting payroll.O*NET Task ID 20285 | 0.5 |
Collect and deposit money into accounts, disburse funds from cash accounts to pay bills or invoices, keep records of collections and disbursements, and ensure accounts are balanced.O*NET Task ID 20286 | 0.5 |
Coordinate conferences, meetings, or special events, such as luncheons or graduation ceremonies.O*NET Task ID 20287 | 0.5 |
Prepare conference or event materials, such as flyers or invitations.O*NET Task ID 20290 | 0.5 |
Order and dispense supplies.O*NET Task ID 2804 | 0.0 |
Supervise other clerical staff and provide training and orientation to new staff.O*NET Task ID 2814 | 0.0 |
Operate office equipment, such as fax machines, copiers, or phone systems and arrange for repairs when equipment malfunctions.O*NET Task ID 20283 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (31)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Answer telephones and give information to callers, take messages, or transfer calls to appropriate individuals. | Core |
| Greet visitors or callers and handle their inquiries or direct them to the appropriate persons according to their needs. | Core |
| Locate and attach appropriate files to incoming correspondence requiring replies. | Core |
| Open, read, route, and distribute incoming mail or other materials and answer routine letters. | Core |
| Complete forms in accordance with company procedures. | Core |
| Make copies of correspondence or other printed material. | Core |
| Review work done by others to check for correct spelling and grammar, ensure that company format policies are followed, and recommend revisions. | Core |
| Learn to operate new office technologies as they are developed and implemented. | Core |
| Maintain scheduling and event calendars. | Core |
| Schedule and confirm appointments for clients, customers, or supervisors. | Core |
| Order and dispense supplies. | Core |
| Conduct searches to find needed information, using such sources as the Internet. | Core |
| Operate electronic mail systems and coordinate the flow of information, internally or with other organizations. | Core |
| Use computers for various applications, such as database management or word processing. | Core |
| Create, maintain, and enter information into databases. | Core |
| Set up and manage paper or electronic filing systems, recording information, updating paperwork, or maintaining documents, such as attendance records, correspondence, or other material. | Core |
| Operate office equipment, such as fax machines, copiers, or phone systems and arrange for repairs when equipment malfunctions. | Core |
| Compose, type, and distribute meeting notes, routine correspondence, or reports, such as presentations or expense, statistical, or monthly reports. | Core |
| Train and assist staff with computer usage. | Core |
| Prepare conference or event materials, such as flyers or invitations. | Core |
| Manage projects or contribute to committee or team work. | Supplemental |
| Mail newsletters, promotional material, or other information. | Supplemental |
| Provide services to customers, such as order placement or account information. | Supplemental |
| Prepare and mail checks. | Supplemental |
| Establish work procedures or schedules and keep track of the daily work of clerical staff. | Supplemental |
| Arrange conference, meeting, or travel reservations for office personnel. | Supplemental |
| Supervise other clerical staff and provide training and orientation to new staff. | Supplemental |
| Perform payroll functions, such as maintaining timekeeping information and processing and submitting payroll. | Supplemental |
| Collect and deposit money into accounts, disburse funds from cash accounts to pay bills or invoices, keep records of collections and disbursements, and ensure accounts are balanced. | Supplemental |
| Coordinate conferences, meetings, or special events, such as luncheons or graduation ceremonies. | Supplemental |
| Develop or maintain internal or external company Web sites. | Supplemental |
0.22/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Open, read, route, and distribute incoming mail or other materials and answer routine letters. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Make copies of correspondence or other printed material. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Order and dispense supplies. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Set up and manage paper or electronic filing systems, recording information, updating paperwork, or maintaining documents, such as attendance records, correspondence, or other material. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Operate office equipment, such as fax machines, copiers, or phone systems and arrange for repairs when equipment malfunctions. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Mail newsletters, promotional material, or other information. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Prepare and mail checks. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Collect and deposit money into accounts, disburse funds from cash accounts to pay bills or invoices, keep records of collections and disbursements, and ensure accounts are balanced. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 1.9M
- Projected employment, 2035
- 1.8M
- Change (2025–35)
- -6%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $47,540
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 37212 | 일반 비서 | Same scope | confirmed |
| 37102 | 대학 행정조교 | Overlapping, not the same | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 4120Secretaries (general)
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Secretaries (general) use typewriters, personal computers or other word-processing equipment to transcribe correspondence and other documents, check and format documents prepared by other staff, deal with incoming and outgoing mail, screen requests for meetings or appointments, and perform a variety of administrative support tasks.
Tasks
- (a) checking, formatting and transcribing correspondence, minutes and reports from dictation, electronic documents or written drafts to conform to office standards, using typewriter, personal computer or other word processing equipment;
- (b) using various computer software packages including spreadsheets to provide administrative support;
- (c) dealing with incoming or outgoing mail;
- (d) scanning, recording and distributing mail, correspondence and documents;
- (e) screening requests for meetings or appointments and helping to organize meetings;
- (f) screening and recording staff-members' leave and other entitlements;
- (g) organizing and supervising filing systems;
- (h) dealing with routine correspondence on their own initiative.
Example occupations
Secretary · Typing secretary · Word processing secretary
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- administrative assistantESCO 3343.1This occupation is broader
Administrative assistants perform administrative and office support for supervisors. They perform a variety of tasks, such as answering telephone calls, receiving and directing visitors, ordering office supplies, maintaining the office facilities running smoothly, and ensuring that equipment and appliances work properly.
- secretaryESCO 4120.1This occupation is broader
Secretaries perform a variety of administrative tasks to help keep an organisation run smoothly. They answer telephone calls, draft and send e-mails, maintain diaries, arrange appointments, take messages, file documents, organise and service meetings, and manage databases.
- executive assistantESCO 3343.3Overlapping, not the same
Executive assistants are advanced administrative professionals who work with top-level executives or in international facilities in various industries. They organise meetings, organise and maintain files, arrange travel, train staff members, communicate in other languages, and manage the day-to-day operations of the office.
- foreign language correspondence clerkESCO 4419.2Overlapping, not the same
Foreign language correspondence clerks read and reply to a company's correspondence in foreign languages. They also perform clerical duties.
- legal administrative assistantESCO 3342.2Overlapping, not the same
Legal administrative assistants carry out the daily administrative activities of firms, offices of notaries public, and companies. They perform activities such as writing mails, phone-answering and typing/keyboarding. They combine these activities with specific knowledge and understanding of the procedures and codes managed in legal business affairs.
- medical administrative assistantESCO 3344.2Overlapping, not the same
Medical administrative assistants work very closely with health professionals. They provide office support such as correspondence, fixing appointments and answering queries of patients.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| M1607 | Assistant administratif / Assistante administrative | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| C1508 | Assistant / Assistante de gestion syndic immobilier | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| M1602 | Secrétaire administratif / Secrétaire administrative de collectivité territoriale | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| M1605 | Secrétaire technique | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| M1613 | Télésecrétaire | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| M1621 | Assistant administratif / Assistante administrative multilingue | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| M1608 | Secrétaire comptable | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 3613 | Asistentes de dirección y administrativos | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 4309 | Empleados administrativos sin tareas de atención al público no clasificados bajo otros epígrafes | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 71402 | Büro- und Sekretariatskräfte (ohne Spezialisierung) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 71413 | Fremdsprachensekretäre/-sekretärinnen und Fremdsprachenkorrespondenten/-korrespondentinnen - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 257 | 総合事務員 | This occupation is narrower |
| 255 | 秘書 | Related, not a match |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Recent Changes Related to This Occupation
Summaries and relation labels are AI Changing Work's own; check any figures against the linked source.
Directly related ILO occupational segregation report identifies secretaries among high-risk clerical roles with routine codifiable tasks; 16% automation risk in female-dominated occupations vs 3% male-dominated
[Source: ILO: Gen AI, Occupational Segregation and Gender Equality (Mar 2026)]Related ILO finds 88% of countries show women facing higher AI workplace risk; administrative roles among most exposed with 29% GenAI exposure in female-dominated occupations
[Source: ILO: Gen AI, Occupational Segregation and Gender Equality (Mar 2026)]Related ILO research brief (Mar 2026): female-dominated occupations, such as business administration and clerical support, are almost twice as likely to be exposed to generative AI as male-dominated ones (29% vs 16%), and face much higher automation risk (16% vs 3%).
[Source: ILO Research Brief, March 2026]
+2 more
Directly related Brookings study identifies administrative assistants as one of the largest groups (1.7M workers) facing high AI exposure with low adaptive capacity. 86% of vulnerable workers across all affected occupations are women.
[Source: Brookings Institution — Measuring US workers capacity to adapt (2026-01)]Related Brookings (Oct 2024) singles out office and administrative support for its high generative AI exposure, high automation potential and large workforce: nearly 19 million US workers, the overwhelming majority of them women. It is one of five sectors the analysis rates high on both exposure and automation potential.
[Source: Brookings 2024 — Generative AI, the American worker]
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources