Office Clerks, General
Office and Administrative Support Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 43-9061.00
Perform duties too varied and diverse to be classified in any specific office clerical occupation, requiring knowledge of office systems and procedures. Clerical duties may be assigned in accordance with the office procedures of individual establishments and may include a combination of answering telephones, bookkeeping, typing or word processing, office machine operation, and filing.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.450
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.60
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only21 rated tasks · 16 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (76.2%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- 1 rated task is not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; its score is kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Troubleshoot problems involving office equipment, such as computer hardware and software.43-9061.00 | 1.259091.5 | 0.284957.3 |
Process and prepare documents, such as business or government forms and expense reports.43-9061.00 | 0.04363.2 | 0.119324.0 |
Operate office machines, such as photocopiers and scanners, facsimile machines, voice mail systems, and personal computers.43-9061.00 | 0.02301.7 | 0.01452.9 |
Answer telephones, direct calls, and take messages.43-9061.00 | 0.01090.8 | 0.01953.9 |
Communicate with customers, employees, and other individuals to answer questions, disseminate or explain information, take orders, and address complaints.43-9061.00 | 0.01030.7 | 0.00982.0 |
Prepare meeting agendas, attend meetings, and record and transcribe minutes.43-9061.00 | 0.01030.7 | 0.00531.1 |
Review files, records, and other documents to obtain information to respond to requests.43-9061.00 | 0.00680.5 | 0.01893.8 |
Complete work schedules, manage calendars, and arrange appointments.43-9061.00 | 0.00550.4 | 0.00992.0 |
Compile, copy, sort, and file records of office activities, business transactions, and other activities.43-9061.00 | 0.00400.3 | 0.01493.0 |
Collect, count, and disburse money, do basic bookkeeping, and complete banking transactions.43-9061.00 | 0.00220.2 | —0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 11 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Compute, record, and proofread data and other information, such as records or reports. | —0 | —0 |
Maintain and update filing, inventory, mailing, and database systems, either manually or using a computer. | —0 | —0 |
Open, sort, and route incoming mail, answer correspondence, and prepare outgoing mail. | —0 | —0 |
Deliver messages and run errands. | —0 | —0 |
Inventory and order materials, supplies, and services. | —0 | —0 |
Type, format, proofread, and edit correspondence and other documents, from notes or dictating machines, using computers or typewriters. | —0 | —0 |
Complete and mail bills, contracts, policies, invoices, or checks. | —0 | —0 |
Monitor and direct the work of lower-level clerks. | —0 | —0 |
Count, weigh, measure, or organize materials. | —0 | —0 |
Train other staff members to perform work activities, such as using computer applications. | —0 | —0 |
Make travel arrangements for office personnel. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Compile, copy, sort, and file records of office activities, business transactions, and other activities.O*NET Task ID 828 | 1.0 |
Complete and mail bills, contracts, policies, invoices, or checks.O*NET Task ID 829 | 1.0 |
Compute, record, and proofread data and other information, such as records or reports.O*NET Task ID 831 | 1.0 |
Maintain and update filing, inventory, mailing, and database systems, either manually or using a computer.O*NET Task ID 832 | 1.0 |
Process and prepare documents, such as business or government forms and expense reports.O*NET Task ID 838 | 1.0 |
Type, format, proofread, and edit correspondence and other documents, from notes or dictating machines, using computers or typewriters.O*NET Task ID 840 | 1.0 |
Prepare meeting agendas, attend meetings, and record and transcribe minutes.O*NET Task ID 843 | 1.0 |
Troubleshoot problems involving office equipment, such as computer hardware and software.O*NET Task ID 844 | 1.0 |
Communicate with customers, employees, and other individuals to answer questions, disseminate or explain information, take orders, and address complaints.O*NET Task ID 826 | 0.5 |
Answer telephones, direct calls, and take messages.O*NET Task ID 827 | 0.5 |
Open, sort, and route incoming mail, answer correspondence, and prepare outgoing mail.O*NET Task ID 833 | 0.5 |
Review files, records, and other documents to obtain information to respond to requests.O*NET Task ID 834 | 0.5 |
Inventory and order materials, supplies, and services.O*NET Task ID 836 | 0.5 |
Complete work schedules, manage calendars, and arrange appointments.O*NET Task ID 837 | 0.5 |
Monitor and direct the work of lower-level clerks.O*NET Task ID 839 | 0.5 |
Make travel arrangements for office personnel.O*NET Task ID 845 | 0.5 |
Collect, count, and disburse money, do basic bookkeeping, and complete banking transactions.O*NET Task ID 825 | 0.0 |
Operate office machines, such as photocopiers and scanners, facsimile machines, voice mail systems, and personal computers.O*NET Task ID 830 | 0.0 |
Deliver messages and run errands.O*NET Task ID 835 | 0.0 |
Count, weigh, measure, or organize materials.O*NET Task ID 841 | 0.0 |
Train other staff members to perform work activities, such as using computer applications.O*NET Task ID 842 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (20)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Communicate with customers, employees, and other individuals to answer questions, disseminate or explain information, take orders, and address complaints. | Core |
| Answer telephones, direct calls, and take messages. | Core |
| Compile, copy, sort, and file records of office activities, business transactions, and other activities. | Core |
| Operate office machines, such as photocopiers and scanners, facsimile machines, voice mail systems, and personal computers. | Core |
| Compute, record, and proofread data and other information, such as records or reports. | Core |
| Maintain and update filing, inventory, mailing, and database systems, either manually or using a computer. | Core |
| Open, sort, and route incoming mail, answer correspondence, and prepare outgoing mail. | Core |
| Review files, records, and other documents to obtain information to respond to requests. | Core |
| Deliver messages and run errands. | Core |
| Inventory and order materials, supplies, and services. | Core |
| Complete work schedules, manage calendars, and arrange appointments. | Core |
| Type, format, proofread, and edit correspondence and other documents, from notes or dictating machines, using computers or typewriters. | Core |
| Collect, count, and disburse money, do basic bookkeeping, and complete banking transactions. | Supplemental |
| Complete and mail bills, contracts, policies, invoices, or checks. | Supplemental |
| Process and prepare documents, such as business or government forms and expense reports. | Supplemental |
| Monitor and direct the work of lower-level clerks. | Supplemental |
| Count, weigh, measure, or organize materials. | Supplemental |
| Train other staff members to perform work activities, such as using computer applications. | Supplemental |
| Prepare meeting agendas, attend meetings, and record and transcribe minutes. | Supplemental |
| Troubleshoot problems involving office equipment, such as computer hardware and software. | Supplemental |
0.52/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Compile, copy, sort, and file records of office activities, business transactions, and other activities. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Operate office machines, such as photocopiers and scanners, facsimile machines, voice mail systems, and personal computers. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Maintain and update filing, inventory, mailing, and database systems, either manually or using a computer. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Open, sort, and route incoming mail, answer correspondence, and prepare outgoing mail. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Deliver messages and run errands. | E2 structured facilities |
| Inventory and order materials, supplies, and services. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Collect, count, and disburse money, do basic bookkeeping, and complete banking transactions. | E2 structured facilities |
| Complete and mail bills, contracts, policies, invoices, or checks. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Count, weigh, measure, or organize materials. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Troubleshoot problems involving office equipment, such as computer hardware and software. | E0 none |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 2.6M
- Projected employment, 2035
- 2.4M
- Change (2025–35)
- -6%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $45,010
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 37299 | 그 외 사무 지원 종사원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 4110General Office Clerks
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
General office clerks perform a range of clerical and administrative tasks according to established procedures.
Tasks
- (a) recording, preparing, sorting, classifying and filing information;
- (b) sorting, opening and sending mail;
- (c) photocopying and faxing documents;
- (d) preparing reports and correspondence of a routine nature;
- (e) recording issue of equipment to staff;
- (f) responding to telephone or electronic enquiries or forwarding to appropriate person;
- (g) checking figures, preparing invoices and recording details of financial transactions made;
- (h) transcribing information onto computers, and proofreading and correcting copy.
Example occupations
General office clerk · Office clerk
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- civil service administrative officerESCO 2422.1Overlapping, not the same
Civil service administrative officers perform administrative duties in civil service organisations and government departments. They ensure record maintenance, handle enquiries and provide information to the public, either in person, through emails or phone calls. They support senior staff, and ensure a fluent internal flow of information.
- file clerkESCO 4415.1Overlapping, not the same
File clerks are in charge of maintaining records of a company and managing forms and information. They organise and retrieve documents when necessary and ensure an efficient working system.
- foreign language correspondence clerkESCO 4419.2Overlapping, not the same
Foreign language correspondence clerks read and reply to a company's correspondence in foreign languages. They also perform clerical duties.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| M1607 | Assistant administratif / Assistante administrative | This occupation is narrower |
| M1616 | Auxiliaire de gestion des écoles de conduite | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| M1601 | Chargé / Chargée d'accueil | Related, not a match |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 4309 | Empleados administrativos sin tareas de atención al público no clasificados bajo otros epígrafes | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 4500 | Empleados administrativos con tareas de atención al público no clasificados bajo otros epígrafes | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 71402 | Büro- und Sekretariatskräfte (ohne Spezialisierung) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrower |
| 71401 | Büro- und Sekretariatskräfte (ohne Spezialisierung) - Helfer-/Anlerntätigkeiten | Overlapping, not the same |
| 42312 | Berufe in der Umweltschutzverwaltung und -beratung - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 73282 | Berufe in der öffentlichen Verwaltung (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 92302 | Verlags- und Medienkaufleute (ohne Spezialisierung) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 257 | 総合事務員 | Same scopeprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Recent Changes Related to This Occupation
Summaries and relation labels are AI Changing Work's own; check any figures against the linked source.
Directly related Brookings (Jan 2026) lists office clerks (2.5 million workers) as the largest of the occupations it names with high AI exposure and low adaptive capacity. These vulnerable workers make up a larger share of jobs in college towns and state capitals.
[Source: Brookings Institution — Measuring US workers capacity to adapt (2026-01)]
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources