Proofreaders and Copy Markers
Office and Administrative Support Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 43-9081.00
Read transcript or proof type setup to detect and mark for correction any grammatical, typographical, or compositional errors. Excludes workers whose primary duty is editing copy. Includes proofreaders of braille.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.178
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.51
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only11 rated tasks · 11 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (100.0%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Mark copy to indicate and correct errors in type, arrangement, grammar, punctuation, or spelling, using standard printers' marks.43-9081.00 | 0.0448100.0 | 0.0144100.0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 7 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Correct or record omissions, errors, or inconsistencies found. | —0 | —0 |
Read corrected copies or proofs to ensure that all corrections have been made. | —0 | —0 |
Compare information or figures on one record against same data on other records, or with original copy, to detect errors. | —0 | —0 |
Consult reference books or secure aid of readers to check references with rules of grammar and composition. | —0 | —0 |
Route proofs with marked corrections to authors, editors, typists, or typesetters for correction or reprinting. | —0 | —0 |
Measure dimensions, spacing, and positioning of page elements (copy and illustrations) in order to verify conformance to specifications, using printer's ruler. | —0 | —0 |
Read proof sheets aloud, calling out punctuation marks and spelling unusual words and proper names. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Correct or record omissions, errors, or inconsistencies found.O*NET Task ID 5158 | 1.0 |
Mark copy to indicate and correct errors in type, arrangement, grammar, punctuation, or spelling, using standard printers' marks.O*NET Task ID 5159 | 1.0 |
Read corrected copies or proofs to ensure that all corrections have been made.O*NET Task ID 5160 | 1.0 |
Compare information or figures on one record against same data on other records, or with original copy, to detect errors.O*NET Task ID 5161 | 1.0 |
Consult reference books or secure aid of readers to check references with rules of grammar and composition.O*NET Task ID 5162 | 1.0 |
Route proofs with marked corrections to authors, editors, typists, or typesetters for correction or reprinting.O*NET Task ID 5163 | 1.0 |
Read proof sheets aloud, calling out punctuation marks and spelling unusual words and proper names.O*NET Task ID 5165 | 1.0 |
Consult with authors and editors regarding manuscript changes and suggestions.O*NET Task ID 20907 | 1.0 |
Archive documents, conduct research, and read copy, using the internet and various computer programs.O*NET Task ID 20908 | 1.0 |
Write original content, such as headlines, cutlines, captions, and cover copy.O*NET Task ID 20909 | 1.0 |
Typeset and measure dimensions, spacing, and positioning of page elements, such as copy and illustrations, to verify conformance to specifications, using printer's ruler or layout software.O*NET Task ID 20910 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (11)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Correct or record omissions, errors, or inconsistencies found. | Core |
| Mark copy to indicate and correct errors in type, arrangement, grammar, punctuation, or spelling, using standard printers' marks. | Core |
| Read corrected copies or proofs to ensure that all corrections have been made. | Core |
| Compare information or figures on one record against same data on other records, or with original copy, to detect errors. | Core |
| Consult reference books or secure aid of readers to check references with rules of grammar and composition. | Core |
| Route proofs with marked corrections to authors, editors, typists, or typesetters for correction or reprinting. | Core |
| Consult with authors and editors regarding manuscript changes and suggestions. | Core |
| Archive documents, conduct research, and read copy, using the internet and various computer programs. | Core |
| Write original content, such as headlines, cutlines, captions, and cover copy. | Core |
| Read proof sheets aloud, calling out punctuation marks and spelling unusual words and proper names. | Supplemental |
| Typeset and measure dimensions, spacing, and positioning of page elements, such as copy and illustrations, to verify conformance to specifications, using printer's ruler or layout software. | Supplemental |
0.00/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
None of this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks is classified as a physical task.
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 9K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 9K
- Change (2025–35)
- -0.9%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $51,120
- Typical education needed for entry
- Bachelor's degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 37291 | 출판 및 자료 편집 사무원 | Related, not a match | reviewed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 4413Coding, Proofreading and Related Clerks
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Coding, proofreading and related clerks convert information into codes, verify and correct proofs, and perform a number of miscellaneous clerical duties.
Tasks
- (a) converting information into codes and classifying information by codes for data-processing purposes;
- (b) comparing proofs of texts and related material prepared for printing with original material, correcting errors and marking texts for printer according to the established rules;
- (c) sorting forms and marking them with identification numbers;
- (d) sorting documents for filing or to collate sets of pages;
- (e) addressing circulars and envelopes by hand.
Example occupations
Coding clerk · Proof reading clerk
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- copy editorESCO 2642.1.5This occupation is broader
Copy editors ascertain that a text is agreeable to read. They ensure that a text adheres to the conventions of grammar and spelling. Copy editors read and revise materials for books, journals, magazines and other media.
- proofreaderESCO 4413.1This occupation is broader
Proofreaders examine facsimiles of the finished products such as books, newspaper and magazines. They correct grammatical, typographical and spelling errors in order to ensure the quality of the printed product.
- typesetterESCO 7321.1.6This occupation is broader
Typesetters ensure that printed text is correctly set and visually pleasing. While typesetting was originally done manually and later employed techniques like linotype and phototypesetting, almost all typesetting is now done digitally using design programs or specialised typesetting programs.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| E1305 | Préparateur-correcteur / Préparatrice-correctrice en industrie graphique | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| E1312 | Lecteur-correcteur / Lectrice-correctrice | Overlapping, not the sameprovisional |
| E1122 | Transcripteur adaptateur / Transcriptrice adaptatrice | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 4222 | Codificadores y correctores de imprenta | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 71442 | Kodierer/innen, Korrekturleser/innen und verwandte Bürokräfte - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 537 | 印刷・製本従事者 | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Recent Changes Related to This Occupation
Summaries and relation labels are AI Changing Work's own; check any figures against the linked source.
Related Brookings (Hui & Reshef, Jul 2025): freelancers offering copyediting, proofreading and other text-heavy services saw about 2% fewer new monthly contracts and 5% lower earnings after ChatGPT, and experienced, higher-rated freelancers lost more than junior ones, a result the authors call counterintuitive.
[Source: Brookings Institution (Hui & Reshef, 2025)]
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources