Farmworkers and Laborers, Crop, Nursery, and Greenhouse
Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 45-2092.00
Manually plant, cultivate, and harvest vegetables, fruits, nuts, horticultural specialties, and field crops. Use hand tools, such as shovels, trowels, hoes, tampers, pruning hooks, shears, and knives. Duties may include tilling soil and applying fertilizers; transplanting, weeding, thinning, or pruning crops; applying pesticides; or cleaning, grading, sorting, packing, and loading harvested products. May construct trellises, repair fences and farm buildings, or participate in irrigation activities.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Low· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.020
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.09–0.13· 5 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 6310Subsistence Crop Farmers0.13
- ISCO-08 6330Subsistence Mixed Crop and Livestock Farmers0.12
- ISCO-08 9211Crop Farm Labourers0.09
- ISCO-08 9213Mixed Crop and Livestock Farm Labourers0.11
- ISCO-08 9214Garden and Horticultural Labourers0.12
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only30 rated tasks · 7 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (23.3%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- 3 rated tasks are not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; their scores are kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Record information about crops, such as pesticide use, yields, or costs.O*NET Task ID 23387 | 1.0 |
Record information about plants and plant growth.O*NET Task ID 23390 | 1.0 |
Identify plants, pests, and weeds to determine the selection and application of pesticides and fertilizers.O*NET Task ID 23380 | 0.5 |
Feel plants' leaves and note their coloring to detect the presence of insects or disease.O*NET Task ID 23383 | 0.5 |
Provide information and advice to the public regarding the selection, purchase, and care of products.O*NET Task ID 23384 | 0.5 |
Maintain inventory, ordering materials as required.O*NET Task ID 23389 | 0.5 |
Inspect plants and bud ties to assess quality.O*NET Task ID 23393 | 0.5 |
Harvest plants, and transplant or pot and label them.O*NET Task ID 23370 | 0.0 |
Operate tractors, tractor-drawn machinery, and self-propelled machinery to plow, harrow and fertilize soil, or to plant, cultivate, spray and harvest crops.O*NET Task ID 23371 | 0.0 |
Set up and operate irrigation equipment.O*NET Task ID 23372 | 0.0 |
Repair and maintain farm vehicles, implements, and mechanical equipment.O*NET Task ID 23373 | 0.0 |
Harvest fruits and vegetables by hand.O*NET Task ID 23374 | 0.0 |
Clean work areas, and maintain grounds and landscaping.O*NET Task ID 23375 | 0.0 |
Sell and deliver plants and flowers to customers.O*NET Task ID 23376 | 0.0 |
Sow grass seed, or plant plugs of grass.O*NET Task ID 23377 | 0.0 |
Inform farmers or farm managers of crop progress.O*NET Task ID 23378 | 0.0 |
Direct and monitor the work of casual and seasonal help during planting and harvesting.O*NET Task ID 23379 | 0.0 |
Regulate greenhouse conditions, and indoor and outdoor irrigation systems.O*NET Task ID 23381 | 0.0 |
Cut, roll, and stack sod.O*NET Task ID 23382 | 0.0 |
Maintain and repair irrigation and climate control systems.O*NET Task ID 23385 | 0.0 |
Dig, cut, and transplant seedlings, cuttings, trees, and shrubs.O*NET Task ID 23386 | 0.0 |
Repair farm buildings, fences, and other structures.O*NET Task ID 23388 | 0.0 |
Dig, rake, and screen soil, filling cold frames and hot beds in preparation for planting.O*NET Task ID 23391 | 0.0 |
Participate in the inspection, grading, sorting, storage, and post-harvest treatment of crops.O*NET Task ID 23392 | 0.0 |
Trap and destroy pests, such as moles, gophers, and mice, using pesticides.O*NET Task ID 23394 | 0.0 |
Move containerized shrubs, plants, and trees, using wheelbarrows or tractors.O*NET Task ID 23395 | 0.0 |
Tie and bunch flowers, plants, shrubs, and trees, wrap their roots, and pack them into boxes to fill orders.O*NET Task ID 23396 | 0.0 |
Load agricultural products into trucks, and drive trucks to market or storage facilities.O*NET Task ID 23397 | 0.0 |
Haul and spread topsoil, fertilizer, peat moss, and other materials to condition soil, using wheelbarrows or carts and shovels.O*NET Task ID 23398 | 0.0 |
Plant, spray, weed, fertilize, water, and prune plants, shrubs, and trees, using gardening tools.O*NET Task ID 23399 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (27)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Harvest plants, and transplant or pot and label them. | Core |
| Operate tractors, tractor-drawn machinery, and self-propelled machinery to plow, harrow and fertilize soil, or to plant, cultivate, spray and harvest crops. | Core |
| Set up and operate irrigation equipment. | Core |
| Repair and maintain farm vehicles, implements, and mechanical equipment. | Core |
| Harvest fruits and vegetables by hand. | Core |
| Clean work areas, and maintain grounds and landscaping. | Core |
| Inform farmers or farm managers of crop progress. | Core |
| Direct and monitor the work of casual and seasonal help during planting and harvesting. | Core |
| Identify plants, pests, and weeds to determine the selection and application of pesticides and fertilizers. | Core |
| Record information about crops, such as pesticide use, yields, or costs. | Core |
| Participate in the inspection, grading, sorting, storage, and post-harvest treatment of crops. | Core |
| Load agricultural products into trucks, and drive trucks to market or storage facilities. | Core |
| Sell and deliver plants and flowers to customers. | Supplemental |
| Regulate greenhouse conditions, and indoor and outdoor irrigation systems. | Supplemental |
| Feel plants' leaves and note their coloring to detect the presence of insects or disease. | Supplemental |
| Provide information and advice to the public regarding the selection, purchase, and care of products. | Supplemental |
| Maintain and repair irrigation and climate control systems. | Supplemental |
| Dig, cut, and transplant seedlings, cuttings, trees, and shrubs. | Supplemental |
| Repair farm buildings, fences, and other structures. | Supplemental |
| Maintain inventory, ordering materials as required. | Supplemental |
| Record information about plants and plant growth. | Supplemental |
| Dig, rake, and screen soil, filling cold frames and hot beds in preparation for planting. | Supplemental |
| Inspect plants and bud ties to assess quality. | Supplemental |
| Move containerized shrubs, plants, and trees, using wheelbarrows or tractors. | Supplemental |
| Tie and bunch flowers, plants, shrubs, and trees, wrap their roots, and pack them into boxes to fill orders. | Supplemental |
| Haul and spread topsoil, fertilizer, peat moss, and other materials to condition soil, using wheelbarrows or carts and shovels. | Supplemental |
| Plant, spray, weed, fertilize, water, and prune plants, shrubs, and trees, using gardening tools. | — |
1.16/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Harvest plants, and transplant or pot and label them. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Operate tractors, tractor-drawn machinery, and self-propelled machinery to plow, harrow and fertilize soil, or to plant, cultivate, spray and harvest crops. | E3 unstructured settings |
| Set up and operate irrigation equipment. | E0 none |
| Repair and maintain farm vehicles, implements, and mechanical equipment. | E0 none |
| Harvest fruits and vegetables by hand. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Clean work areas, and maintain grounds and landscaping. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Identify plants, pests, and weeds to determine the selection and application of pesticides and fertilizers. | E2 structured facilities |
| Participate in the inspection, grading, sorting, storage, and post-harvest treatment of crops. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Load agricultural products into trucks, and drive trucks to market or storage facilities. | E2 structured facilities |
| Sell and deliver plants and flowers to customers. | E0 none |
| Regulate greenhouse conditions, and indoor and outdoor irrigation systems. | E2 structured facilities |
| Feel plants' leaves and note their coloring to detect the presence of insects or disease. | E2 structured facilities |
| Maintain and repair irrigation and climate control systems. | E0 none |
| Dig, cut, and transplant seedlings, cuttings, trees, and shrubs. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Repair farm buildings, fences, and other structures. | E0 none |
| Maintain inventory, ordering materials as required. | E2 structured facilities |
| Dig, rake, and screen soil, filling cold frames and hot beds in preparation for planting. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Inspect plants and bud ties to assess quality. | E2 structured facilities |
| Move containerized shrubs, plants, and trees, using wheelbarrows or tractors. | E2 structured facilities |
| Tie and bunch flowers, plants, shrubs, and trees, wrap their roots, and pack them into boxes to fill orders. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Haul and spread topsoil, fertilizer, peat moss, and other materials to condition soil, using wheelbarrows or carts and shovels. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Plant, spray, weed, fertilize, water, and prune plants, shrubs, and trees, using gardening tools. | E2 structured facilities |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 547K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 534K
- Change (2025–35)
- -2.4%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $35,660
- Typical education needed for entry
- No formal educational credential
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61110 | 곡식작물 재배원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 61121 | 채소작물 재배원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 61122 | 특용작물 재배원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 61130 | 과수작물 재배원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 61211 | 육묘작물 재배원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 61212 | 화훼작물 재배원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 99110 | 농업 관련 단순 종사원 | Overlapping, not the same | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 6310Subsistence Crop Farmers
- ISCO-08 6330Subsistence Mixed Crop and Livestock Farmers
- ISCO-08 9211Crop Farm Labourers
- ISCO-08 9213Mixed Crop and Livestock Farm Labourers
- ISCO-08 9214Garden and Horticultural Labourers
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- crop production workerESCO 9213.1This occupation is broader
Crop production workers carry out practical activities and assist in the production of agronomical crops.
- fruit and vegetable pickerESCO 9211.1This occupation is broader
Fruit and vegetable pickers select and harvest fruits, vegetables and nuts according to the method appropriate for the type of fruit, vegetable or nut.
- horticulture workerESCO 6113.4This occupation is broader
Horticulture workers carry out practical activities and assist in nurseries or greenhouses for the production of horticultural crops.
- vineyard machinery operatorESCO 6112.5This occupation is broader
Vineyard machinery operators carry out practical activities related to cultivation, propagation of grape varieties and production of wine with specialised machinery or equipment.
- vineyard workerESCO 9211.2This occupation is broader
Vineyard workers carry out manual activities related to cultivation, propagation of grape varieties and the production and/or packaging of wines.
- garden labourerESCO 9214.1Overlapping, not the same
Garden labourers perform simple tasks in cultivating and maintaining flowers, trees and shrubs. This work can take place in either parks or private gardens.
- hop farmerESCO 6112.3Overlapping, not the same
Hop farmers plant, cultivate and harvest hops for the production of commodities such as beer.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| A1418 | Viticulteur / Viticultrice | This occupation is broader |
| A1401 | Cueilleur / Cueilleuse de fruits | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| A1402 | Aide agricole en production végétale | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| A1444 | Aide agricole en production fruitière | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| A1414 | Horticulteur / Horticultrice | Related, not a match |
| A1419 | Ouvrier agricole polyvalent / Ouvrière agricole polyvalente | Related, not a match |
| A1405 | Arboriculteur / Arboricultrice | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| A1432 | Osiériculteur / Osiéricultrice | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| A1433 | Maraîcher / Maraîchère | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| A1434 | Tabaculteur / Tabacultrice | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| A1437 | Champignonniste | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| A1440 | Cultivateur urbain / Cultivatrice urbaine | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| A1441 | Pépiniériste | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 9511 | Peones agrícolas (excepto en huertas, invernaderos, viveros y jardines) | This occupation is broader |
| 9512 | Peones agrícolas en huertas, invernaderos, viveros y jardines | This occupation is broader |
| 9530 | Peones agropecuarios | Related, not a match |
| 6300 | Trabajadores cualificados en actividades agropecuarias mixtas | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 11101 | Berufe in der Landwirtschaft (ohne Spezialisierung) - Helfer-/Anlerntätigkeiten | This occupation is broader |
| 12112 | Berufe im Obst- und Gemüsebau - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 12122 | Berufe in Baumschule, Staudengärtnerei und Zierpflanzenbau - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 12101 | Berufe im Gartenbau (ohne Spezialisierung) - Helfer-/Anlerntätigkeiten | Overlapping, not the same |
| 11602 | Berufe im Weinbau - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 12102 | Berufe im Gartenbau (ohne Spezialisierung) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 461 | 農耕従事者 | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources